Z notation

An example of a formal specification (in Spanish) using the Z notation.

The Z notation /ˈzɛd/ is a formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems. It is targeted at the clear specification of computer programs and computer-based systems in general.

History

In 1974, Jean-Raymond Abrial published "Data Semantics".[1] He used a notation that would later be taught in the University of Grenoble until the end of the 1980s. While at EDF (Électricité de France), Abrial wrote internal notes on Z. The Z notation is used in the 1980 book Méthodes de programmation.[2]

Z was originally proposed by Abrial in 1977 with the help of Steve Schuman and Bertrand Meyer.[3] It was developed further at the Programming Research Group at Oxford University, where Abrial worked in the early 1980s, having arrived at Oxford in September 1979.

Abrial answers the question "Why Z?" with "Because it is the ultimate language!"

Usage and notation

Z is based on the standard mathematical notation used in axiomatic set theory, lambda calculus, and first-order predicate logic. All expressions in Z notation are typed, thereby avoiding some of the paradoxes of naive set theory. Z contains a standardized catalog (called the mathematical toolkit) of commonly used mathematical functions and predicates.

Although Z notation (just like the APL language, long before it) uses many non-ASCII symbols, the specification includes suggestions for rendering the Z notation symbols in ASCII and in LaTeX.

Standards

ISO completed a Z standardization effort in 2002. This standard[4] and a technical corrigendum[5] are available from ISO for free:

Tools

See also

References

  1. ↑ Abrial, Jean-Raymond (1974), "Data Semantics", in Klimbie, J.W.; Koffeman, K.L., Proceedings of the IFIP Working Conference on Data Base Management, North-Holland, pp. 1–59.
  2. ↑ Meyer, Bertrand; Baudoin, Claude (1980), Méthodes de programmation (in French), Eyrolles.
  3. ↑ Abrial, Jean-Raymond; Schuman, Stephen A; Meyer, Bertrand (1980), "A Specification Language", in Macnaghten, AM; McKeag, RM, On the Construction of Programs, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-23090-X (describes early version of the language).
  4. 1 2 3 "ISO/IEC 13568:2002". Information Technology — Z Formal Specification Notation — Syntax, Type System and Semantics (Zipped PDF). ISO. 2002-07-01. 196 pp.
  5. 1 2 "ISO/IEC 13568:2002/Cor.1:2007". Information Technology — Z Formal Specification Notation — Syntax, Type System and Semantics — Technical corrigendum 1 (PDF). ISO. 2007-07-15. 12 pp.

Further reading

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