A Hard Day's Night (film)

A Hard Day's Night

Theatrical release poster
Directed by Richard Lester
Produced by Walter Shenson
Screenplay by Alun Owen
Starring John Lennon
Paul McCartney
Ringo Starr
George Harrison
Wilfrid Brambell
Music by Score:
George Martin
Songs:
John Lennon
Paul McCartney
Cinematography Gilbert Taylor
Edited by John Jympson
Production
company
Proscenium Films
Walter Shenson Films
Maljack Productions
Distributed by United Artists
Release dates

July 6, 1964 (UK)

August 11, 1964 (US)
Running time
 87 minutes
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Budget £189,000[1]
Box office $12,299,668[2]

A Hard Day's Night is a 1964 British comedy film directed by Richard Lester and starring the Beatles—John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr—during the height of Beatlemania. It was written by Alun Owen and originally released by United Artists. The film portrays several days in the lives of the group.

The film was a financial and critical success. Time magazine rated it as one of the all-time great 100 films.[3] British critic Leslie Halliwell described it as a "comic fantasia with music; an enormous commercial success with the director trying every cinematic gag in the book" and awarded it a full four stars.[4] The film is credited as being one of the most influential musical films of all time, inspiring numerous spy films, the Monkees' television show and pop music videos.

Plot

Bound for a London show, the Beatles escape a horde of fans. Once they are aboard the train and trying to relax, various interruptions test their patience: after a dalliance with a female passenger, Paul's grandfather is confined to the guard's van and the four lads join him there to keep him company. John, Paul, George, and Ringo play a card game, entertaining schoolgirls before arriving at their destination.

Upon arrival in London, the Beatles are driven to a hotel, only to feel trapped inside. After a night out during which Paul's grandfather causes minor trouble at a casino, the group is taken to the theatre where their performance is to be televised. The preparations are lengthy so Ringo decides to spend some time alone reading a book. Paul's grandfather, a "villain, a real mixer", convinces him to go outside to experience life rather than reading books. Ringo goes off by himself. He tries to have a quiet drink in a pub, walks alongside a canal and rides a bicycle along a railway station platform.[5] Meanwhile, the rest of the band frantically (and unsuccessfully) attempts to find Ringo. Finally, he returns after being arrested by the police along with Paul's grandfather, and the concert goes ahead as planned. After the concert, the band is taken away from the hordes of fans via helicopter.[6]

Cast

Screenplay

The screenplay was written by Alun Owen, who was chosen because the Beatles were familiar with his play No Trams to Lime Street, and he had shown an aptitude for Liverpudlian dialogue. McCartney commented, "Alun hung around with us and was careful to try and put words in our mouths that he might've heard us speak, so I thought he did a very good script."[6] Owen spent several days with the group, who told him their lives were like "a train and a room and a car and a room and a room and a room"; the character of Paul's grandfather refers to this in the dialogue.[7] Owen wrote the script from the viewpoint that the Beatles had become prisoners of their own fame, their schedule of performances and studio work having become punishing.

The script comments cheekily on the Beatles' fame. For instance, at one point a fan, played by Anna Quayle, apparently recognises John Lennon, though she does not actually mention Lennon's name, saying only "you are...". He demurs, saying his face is not quite right for "him", initiating a surreal dialogue ending with the fan agreeing that Lennon doesn't "look like him at all", and Lennon saying to himself that "she looks more like him than I do".[7] Other dialogue is derived from actual interviews with the Beatles. When Ringo is asked if he's a mod or a rocker, he replies: "Uh, no, I'm a mocker",[8] a line derived from a joke he made on the TV show Ready Steady Go!.[9][10] The frequent reference to McCartney's grandfather (Wilfrid Brambell) as a "clean old man" sets up a contrast with the stock description of Brambell's character, Albert Steptoe in Steptoe and Son, as a "dirty old man".[11]

Audiences also responded to the Beatles' brash social impudence. Director Richard Lester said, "The general aim of the film was to present what was apparently becoming a social phenomenon in this country. Anarchy is too strong a word, but the quality of confidence that the boys exuded! Confidence that they could dress as they liked, speak as they liked, talk to the Queen as they liked, talk to the people on the train who ‘fought the war for them’ as they liked... [Everything was] still based on privilege—privilege by schooling, privilege by birth, privilege by accent, privilege by speech. The Beatles were the first people to attack this… they said if you want something, do it. You can do it. Forget all this talk about talent or ability or money or speech. Just do it."[12]

Despite the fact that the original working titles of the film were first The Beatles and then Beatlemania, the group's name is never spoken in the movie[13]—it is, however, visible on Ringo's drum kit, on the stage lighting, and on the helicopter in the final scene. The television performance scene also contains a visual pun on the group's name, with photos of "beetles" visible on the wall behind the dancers.

Production

The film was shot for United Artists (UA) using a cinéma vérité style in black-and-white and produced over a period of sixteen weeks. It had a low budget for its time of £200,000 ($500,000) and filming was finished in under seven weeks.[14] At first, the film itself was something of a secondary consideration to UA, whose primary interest was in being able to release the soundtrack album in the United States before Capitol Records (the American EMI affiliate who had first shot at releasing Beatles music in the States) got around to issuing their material; in the words of Bud Ornstein, the European head of production for United Artists: "Our record division wants to get the soundtrack album to distribute in the States, and what we lose on the film we'll get back on this disc."[15] As film historian Stephen Glynn put it, A Hard Day's Night was intended as, "a low-budget exploitation movie to milk the latest brief musical craze for all it was worth."[16]

Unlike most productions, it was filmed in near sequential order, as stated by Lennon in 1964.[17] Filming began on 2 March 1964 at Marylebone station in London (sometimes misidentified as Paddington). The Beatles had joined the actors' union, Equity, only that morning.[18] The first week of filming was on a train travelling between London and Minehead.[19] On 10 March, scenes with Ringo were shot at the Turk's Head pub in Twickenham, and over the following week various interior scenes were filmed at Twickenham Studios. From 23 to 30 March, filming moved to the Scala Theatre,[20] and on 31 March, concert footage was shot there, although the group mimed to backing tracks.[18] The "Can't Buy Me Love" segment, which featured creative camera work and the band running and jumping around in a field was shot on 23 April 1964 at Thornbury Playing Fields, Isleworth, Middlesex.[18] The final scene was filmed the following day in West Ealing, London, where Ringo obligingly drops his coat over puddles for a lady to step on, only to discover that the final puddle is actually a large hole in the road.[21]

Before A Hard Day's Night was released in America, a United Artists executive asked Lester to dub the voices of the group with mid-Atlantic accents. McCartney angrily replied, "Look, if we can understand a fucking cowboy talking Texan, they can understand us talking Liverpool."[22] Lester subsequently directed the Beatles' 1965 film, Help!.

Casting

Irish actor Wilfrid Brambell, who played Paul McCartney's fictional grandfather John McCartney, was already well-known to British audiences as co-star of the British sitcom Steptoe and Son. The recurring joke that he was so clean reflects a play on his sitcom role, where he was always referred to as a dirty old man. In other roles, Norman Rossington played the Beatles' manager Norm, John Junkin played the group's road manager Shake, and Victor Spinetti played the television director. Brian Epstein, the group's real manager, had an uncredited bit part.[23]

The supporting cast included Richard Vernon as the "city gent" on the train and Lionel Blair as a featured dancer. There were also various cameos. John Bluthal played a car thief and an uncredited Derek Nimmo appeared as magician Leslie Jackson. David Janson played the small boy met by Ringo on his "walkabout". Rooney Massara, who went on to compete in the 1972 Munich Olympics, was the sculler in the river in the "walkabout" scene by the river at Kew (uncredited). Kenneth Haigh appeared as an advertising executive who mistakes George for a "new phenomenon." David Langton also made a cameo appearance as an actor in the dressing room scene.

Mal Evans, one of the Beatles' road managers, also appears briefly in the film—moving an upright bass through a tight hallway as Lennon talks with the woman who mistakes him for someone else.

George Harrison met his wife-to-be, Patricia Boyd, on the set when she made a brief (uncredited) appearance as one of the schoolgirls on the train. His initial overtures to her were spurned because she had a boyfriend at the time but he persisted and they were married within 18 months.[24] The girl with Boyd in the dining car scene is Prudence Bury.[25] Phil Collins appeared as an extra, uncredited as a boy in the concert audience, and would go on to become a very successful musician himself.[26][27]

Reception

The film premiered at the Pavilion Theatre in London on 6 July 1964—the eve of Ringo Starr's 24th birthday—and the soundtrack was released four days later.[28] A Hard Day's Night set records at the London Pavilion by grossing over $20,000 in the first week, ultimately becoming so popular that more than 1,600 prints were in circulation simultaneously.[29]

Reviews of the film were mostly positive; one oft-quoted assessment was provided by Andrew Sarris of The Village Voice, labeling A Hard Day's Night "the Citizen Kane of jukebox musicals."[30] When The Village Voice published the results of its first annual film poll, A Hard Day's Night placed second behind Stanley Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove.[31] Time magazine called the film "One of the smoothest, freshest, funniest films ever made for purposes of exploitation."[32] Film critic Roger Ebert described the film as "one of the great life-affirming landmarks of the movies", and added it to his list of The Great Movies.[33] In 2004, Total Film magazine named A Hard Day's Night the 42nd greatest British film of all time. In 2005, Time.com named it one of the 100 best films of the last 80 years.[3] Leslie Halliwell gave the film his highest rating, four stars, the only British film of 1964 to achieve that accolade.[4] It has a 99% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 101 reviews.[34] It is also No.1 on Rotten Tomatoes' list of the Top Ten Certified Fresh Musicals[35] and No. 8 on the Best Reviewed Movies of All Time.[36]

New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther noted the film was a subtle satire on Beatlemania and the Beatles themselves. The Beatles are portrayed as likeable young lads who are constantly amazed at the attention they receive and who want nothing more than a little peace and quiet; however, they have to deal with screaming crowds, journalists who ask nonsensical questions, and authority figures who constantly look down upon them.[37] In fact their biggest problem is McCartney's elderly, but "clean" grandfather, played by Wilfrid Brambell.[38] The New Yorker critic Brendan Gill wrote: "Though I don't pretend to understand what makes these four rather odd-looking boys so fascinating to so many scores of millions of people, I admit that I feel a certain mindless joy stealing over me as they caper about uttering sounds."[39]

A Hard Day's Night was nominated for two Academy Awards: for Best Screenplay (Alun Owen), and Best Score (Adaptation) (George Martin).

By 1971 the film was estimated to have earned $11 million worldwide.[1]

Influence

British critic Leslie Halliwell states the film's influence as "... it led directly to all the kaleidoscopic swinging London spy thrillers and comedies of the later sixties..."[4] In particular, the visuals and storyline are credited with inspiring The Monkees' television series.[40] The "Can't Buy Me Love" segment borrowed stylistically from Richard Lester's earlier The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film, and it is this segment, in particular using the contemporary technique of cutting the images to the beat of the music, which has been cited as a precursor of modern music videos.[41][42][43][44][45] Roger Ebert goes even further, crediting Lester for a more pervasive influence, even constructing "a new grammar": "he influenced many other films. Today when we watch TV and see quick cutting, hand-held cameras, interviews conducted on the run with moving targets, quickly intercut snatches of dialogue, music under documentary action and all the other trademarks of the modern style, we are looking at the children of A Hard Day's Night".[33] In an interview for the DVD re-release of A Hard Day's Night, Lester said he had been labeled the father of MTV and had jokingly responded by asking for a paternity test.

Title

The movie's strange title originated from something said by Ringo Starr, who described it this way in an interview with disc jockey Dave Hull in 1964: "We went to do a job, and we'd worked all day and we happened to work all night. I came up still thinking it was day I suppose, and I said, 'It's been a hard day...' and I looked around and saw it was dark so I said, '...night!' So we came to A Hard Day's Night."[46]

According to Lennon in a 1980 interview with Playboy magazine: "I was going home in the car, and Dick Lester suggested the title, 'Hard Day's Night' from something Ringo had said. I had used it in In His Own Write, but it was an off-the-cuff remark by Ringo. You know, one of those malapropisms. A Ringo-ism, where he said it not to be funny... just said it. So Dick Lester said, 'We are going to use that title.'"[47]

In a 1994 interview for The Beatles Anthology, however, McCartney disagreed with Lennon's recollections, recalling that it was the Beatles, and not Lester, who had come up with the idea of using Starr's verbal misstep: "The title was Ringo's. We'd almost finished making the film, and this fun bit arrived that we'd not known about before, which was naming the film. So we were sitting around at Twickenham studios having a little brain-storming session... and we said, 'Well, there was something Ringo said the other day.' Ringo would do these little malapropisms, he would say things slightly wrong, like people do, but his were always wonderful, very lyrical... they were sort of magic even though he was just getting it wrong. And he said after a concert, 'Phew, it's been a hard day's night.'"[48]

Yet another version of events appeared in 1996; producer Walter Shenson said that Lennon had described to him some of Starr's funnier gaffes, including "a hard day's night", whereupon Shenson immediately decided that that was going to be the title of the film.[49]

Regardless of which of these origin stories is the true one, the original tentative title for the film had been "Beatlemania" and when the new title was agreed upon, it became necessary to write and quickly record a new title song, which was completed on 16 April, just eight days before filming was finished.[15] John Lennon wrote the song in one night, (credited to Lennon-McCartney) basing the lyrics on a birthday card sent to his young son Julian,[50] and it went on to win a Grammy for Best Performance by a Vocal Group.[51]:p.xii

The film was titled Yeah Yeah Yeah in Germany, Tutti Per Uno (All for One) in Italy, Quatre Garçons Dans Le Vent (Four Boys in the Wind) in France,[52] Yeah! Yeah! Tässä tulemme! (Yeah! Yeah! Here We Come!) in Finland and Os Reis do Iê-Iê-Iê (The Kings of Yeah-yeah-yeah) in Brazil.

Novelization

In 1964, Pan Books published a novelisation of the film by author John Burke, described as "based on the original screenplay by Alun Owen". The book was priced at two shillings and sixpence and contained an 8-page section of photographs from the movie. It is the first book in the English language to have the word 'grotty' in it.

Songs

The film's credits state that all songs are composed by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. However, a portion of "Don't Bother Me" is heard in the film; this song is, in fact, a George Harrison composition, and is identified as such on all album appearances.

  1. "I Should Have Known Better"
  2. "If I Fell"
  1. "Tell Me Why"
  2. "And I Love Her"

Song notes

Release history

40th anniversary cast and crew reunion screening

On 6 July 2004, the 40th anniversary of the film's world premiere, a private cast and crew reunion screening was hosted in London by DVD producer Martin Lewis. The screening was attended by McCartney, actors Victor Spinetti, John Junkin, David Janson and many crew members. In media interviews at the event, McCartney disclosed that while he had seen the film many times on video, he had not seen the film on the "big screen" since its 1964 premiere.[65]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Alexander Walker, Hollywood, England, Stein and Day, 1974 p241
  2. ↑ Box Office Information for A Hard Day's Night. The Numbers. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  3. 1 2 Corliss, Richard (12 February 2005). "ALL-TIME 100 MOVIES". Time. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 Halliwell, Leslie (1997). Halliwell's Film & Video Guide. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-638779-9.
  5. ↑ This scene was filmed at Crowcombe Heathfield Station on the West Somerset Railway "Crowcombe Heathfield". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  6. 1 2 "A Hard Day's Night Film Summary and comments from The Beatles". Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
  7. 1 2 "A Hard Day's Night Script". aella. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
  8. ↑ Wiegand, Chris (12 December 2005). "Film and Drama: A Hard Day's Night". BBC Four Cinema. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
  9. ↑ Barrow, Tony (2006). John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me: The Real Beatles Story. Da Capo Press. p. 61.
  10. ↑ Winn, John C. (2008). Way Beyond Compare: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, 1957–1965. Three Rivers Press. p. 165. In the original interview Ringo admits he borrowed the line from John.
  11. ↑ "Television Heaven : Steptoe and Son". Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
  12. ↑ "The Beatles are pent up prisoners of their own notoriety in A Hard Day's Night". Pop Matters.
  13. ↑ Frebowitz, Jerry. "A Hard Day's Night: Ten Things To Know About The Movie". Talkin' the Oldies. MovieFanFare. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  14. ↑ "Plot Synopsis". allmovie. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
  15. 1 2 3 Rybaczewski, Dave. ""A Hard Day's Night" Soundtrack History". Beatles Music History. DKR Products. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  16. ↑ Glynn, Stephen (2005). A Hard Day's Night: The British Film Guide 10. London: I.B.Tauris. p. 9. ISBN 1-85043-587-1.
  17. ↑ The Beatles, The Beatles Anthology (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, LCC, 2000, ISBN 0-8118-2684-8), p. 267
  18. 1 2 3 4 Miles, Barry (2001). The Beatles Diary. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-8308-9.
  19. ↑ "The Beatles in West Somerset in 1964". Archived from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  20. ↑ "Scala Theatre, 58 Charlotte Street". Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  21. ↑ Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Chronicle (London: Pyramid Books, Hamlyn, 1992, ISBN 0-600-61001-2), p. 158
  22. ↑ Harry, Bill. "Beatles Browser Four (p3)". Mersey Beat. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  23. ↑ "Voice of the Theatre – Journal of the Alex Film Society Vol. 12, No. 1, 6 May 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  24. ↑ Crowther, Bosley (19 February 2007). "A Hard Day's Night (1964)". New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
  25. ↑ "Prudence Bury" (in French). Ouest-france.fr. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  26. ↑ Walsh, John (20 June 2014). "Phil Collins: The King Lear of pop music". The Independent. London. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  27. ↑ Lumenick, Lou (11 June 2014). "10 things you didn't know about 'A Hard Day's Night'". New York Post. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  28. ↑ "A Hard Days Night". Archived from the original on 20 October 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
  29. ↑ Slide, Anthony (1985). Fifty Classic British Films, 1932–1982: A Pictorial Record. London: Constable. p. 118. ISBN 0-486-24860-7.
  30. ↑ Sarris, Andrew (2004). "A Hard Day's Night". In Elizabeth Thomson; David Gutman. The Lennon Companion. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81270-3. The fact remains the A Hard Day's Night has turned out to be the Citizen Kane of jukebox musicals, the brilliant crystallization of such diverse cultural particles as rock 'n' roll,...
  31. ↑ "The Second Annual Village Voice Film Poll (Bonus: The First Poll, Too!)". Village Voice. 10 February 1966. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  32. ↑ "Yeah? Yeah. Yeah!". Time. 24 August 1964. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
  33. 1 2 Ebert, Roger (27 October 1996). "Review of A Hard Day's Night". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
  34. ↑ A Hard Day's Night at Rotten Tomatoes
  35. ↑ Tim Ryan; Jeff Giles; Ryan Fujitani; David Chung; Luke Goodsell; Alex Vo (6 July 2010). "RT's Top Ten Certified Fresh Musicals". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  36. ↑ "Top Movies – Best Movies of 2011 and All Time". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  37. ↑ Crowther, Bosley (12 August 1964). "A Hard Day's Night". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2008. (requires free login)
  38. ↑ "A Hard Day's Night". Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008. This is a running gag, in which various characters describe him as "clean".
  39. ↑ Gill, Brendan (22 August 1964). ""A Hard Days Night" – review". New Yorker.
  40. ↑ Massingill, Randy (2005). Total Control: The Monkees Michael Nesmith Story. Las Vegas, Nevada: FLEXQuarters. ISBN 0-9658218-4-6.
  41. ↑ "Beatles film 'A Hard Day's Night' still makes you feel all right". Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  42. ↑ "History of Music Video Mistakes". Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  43. ↑ "Blow Up Your Video". Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  44. ↑ "100 Most Daring Movies Ever Made". Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  45. ↑ "10 Ways A Hard Day's Night (the Movie) Changed the World". Vulture.com. July 7, 2014.
  46. ↑ Badman, Keith. The Beatles Off The Record. Music Sales Corporation. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-7119-7985-7.
  47. ↑ cited in Dowlding, William J. (1989). Beatlesongs. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-671-68229-3.
  48. ↑ Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt & Company. p. 164. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.
  49. ↑ Campbell, Mary (1 July 1996). "Restored 'Hard Day's Night,' 'Help!' part of AMC festival". South Coast Today. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
  50. ↑ "A Hard Day's Night". The Beatles Bible. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  51. 1 2 3 Morton, Ray (2011). A Hard Day's Night. Milwaukee WI: Limelight Editions. ISBN 978-0-87910-388-0.
  52. ↑ "200 Things You Didn't Know About The Beatles", Q, 1 (279): 58–63, 2009
  53. ↑ "A Hard Day's Night". The Beatles. Apple Corps. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  54. ↑ "A Hard Day's Night (aka "Beatles No. 1" )". dvdbeaver.com. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  55. ↑ Winn, John C. (2008). Way Beyond Compare: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume One, 1957–1965. New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 166.
  56. ↑ Russell, Deborah (21 January 1995). "PBS Special Examines Beatles' Film". Billboard. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  57. ↑ Harry, Bill (1985). Beatlemania, the history of The Beatles on film: An illustrated filmography. New York: Avon (Harper-Collins). ISBN 978-0-380-89557-1.
  58. ↑ "Beatles Laserdiscs". Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
  59. ↑ "Hard Days Night (Audio CD)". Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
  60. 1 2 "A Hard Day's Night (DVD)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
  61. ↑ "A Hard Day's Night (1964) – The Criterion Collection". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  62. ↑ "FILM REVIEW A Hard Day's Night – Metrodome/Second Sight Films – In cinemas 4th July". Stafford FM. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  63. ↑ "Umbrella Entertainment – HARD DAY'S NIGHT, A (BLU RAY)". Umbrella Entertainment. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  64. ↑ "A Hard Day's Night UK Blu-ray Release Detailed". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  65. ↑ "Exclusive – The Making of the 'A Hard Day's Night DVD – a Behind The Scenes Report". Beatle News. Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2008.

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