Afghan proverbs

Across Afghanistan, proverbs are a valued part of speaking, both publicly and in conversations. Afghans "use proverbs in their daily conversations far more than Westerners do, and with greater effect" (Edward Zellem 2012b: i).

The most extensive proverb collections in Afghan languages are in Dari and Pashto, the two largest languages in Afghanistan. The Dari language is very similar to Persian spoken in Iran and Tajik spoken in nearby Tajikistan. A broader, more contextualized, study of Afghan proverbs would include comparisons of Afghan proverbs with Persian proverbs from Iran (for which several volumes are available in English) and with Tajik proverbs (e.g. comparing with those in Bell 2009) from Tajikistan.

A collection of recent books containing collections of proverbs in three languages of Afghanistan.

Collections

So far, collections of proverbs in Afghan languages are available in English translation for at least four Afghan languages: Dari, Pashto, Pashai, and Balochi.

Dari: For Dari, there are two main published collections of proverbs, with some overlap between them. The earlier is J. Christy Wilson's collection of 100 (2002), One Hundred Afghan Persian Proverbs, the list having been reproduced (without credit) in other sources.[1][2] The most recent main collection of Dari proverbs is the 3rd edition of U.S. Navy Captain Edward Zellem's collection, built on the 151 of the 2012 edition, plus 50 more that were submitted via the Web.[3][4] The 2012 edition won a 2013 award from the Military Writer's Society of America.[5] From the 151 proverbs of the 2012 edition, 38 were chosen for an edition with color illustrations, intended for language learning by a more popular audience (Zellem 2012a). This edition's format has been published with translations into a number of languages, including English, Russian (Zellem 2013a), German (Zellem 2013b), French (2013c), and Finnish. There are reports that Zarbolmathalhâ, a collection of 1,152 Dari proverbs collected by Mowlânâ Khâl Mohammad Khaste, was published in 1983 (Kreyenbroek 2010:317). There is also a collection of Dari proverbs with German translations by Noor Nazrabi, Afghanische Redensarten und Volksweisheiten.[6]

Pashto: For Pashto, one of the two main languages of Afghanistan, the newest available source is the collection of 151 proverbs by Zellem.[7][8] A larger collection of Pashto proverbs of 1,350 proverbs is by Bartlotti and Khattak (2006), a revised and expanded version of an earlier work by Tair and Edwards (1982). Enevoldsen published 100 proverbs and 100 tapas folk poems (1967). An earlier collection was published by Benawa (1979). An older source containing 406 Pashto proverbs is Thorburn's (1876), where he includes them in his book on pp. 231–473. Another out-of-print collection is Boyle's "Naqluna": Some Pushtu Proverbs and Sayings from 1926. The most recent published collection of Pashto proverbs contains 151 proverbs submitted by Pashto speakers via the Web and Twitter (Zellem 2014). There are reports that Nuri published a selection of proverbs from Paśto Toləna in 1910 (Kreyenbroek 2010:151). There are about 50 pages of Pashto proverbs arranged by topic in a doctoral dissertation by Bartlotti.[9] Three additional volumes on Pashto proverbs have also been published in Pakistan, the first by M.M.K. Shinwari, Da mataluno qisay (stories of proverbs) in 1999.[10] There are two additional volumes printed in Pakistan, both by M. A. Lashkar, Oulasi mataluna (Popular proverbs) in 2005[11] and Da mataluno qisay: Ter pa her baqi rozgar (Stories of proverbs: Old forgotten new adopted) in 2009.[12]

Pashai: Pashai is a less known language community living east of Kabul. A local committee working with Yun produced a collection of 171 proverbs (2010), each one translated into English, Korean, and Pashto. Lehr has analyzed an aspect of the grammar of proverb use.[13]

Balochi: For Balochi, a language spoken on both sides of the Pakistan-Afghan border, Badalkan gives a number of Balochi proverbs translated into English in his article, focusing on proverbs that are related to specific stories (2000). He also cites several published collections of Balochi proverbs, all published in Balochi. Six proverbs are given on the last pages (203, 204) of Dames' 1907 Popular poetry of the Baloches.[14]

In addition to these publications in English, there are items about proverbs in languages spoken in Afghanistan published in other languages. These include:

Commonalities

Proverbs are often shared across languages when there is significant interaction among peoples. Some examples of shared proverbs among the languages of Afghanistan include:

The proverbs of Afghanistan are not fixed, archaic expressions. For example, there is a traditional proverb in Pashto (Bartlotti and Khattak 2006: 264) and Dari (Wilson 2002:32), "The wound of the sword will heal, but not that of the tongue." The Pashai form of this proverb reflects a more modern form of weapon, "A bad wound by a gun will be cured, but the wound by a bad word won’t be cured" (Yun 2010:159). Another example of an updated proverb is today's Pashai proverb "An unloaded gun makes two people afraid" compared with a Pashto proverb published in 1876 reflecting an older form of military technology "Of the broken bow two persons are in fear" (1876:408).

Not surprisingly, proverbs in all four of the languages documented have proverbs that mention nouns common in Afghanistan, such as "camels", "mountains", and "poverty".

It is not surprising to find proverbs that reflect Afghanistan's Islamic traditions, such as

A common element among the proverb traditions of Afghanistan is that some proverbs are linked to stories (though this is not unique to Afghanistan). Proverbs that trace their origin to stories are found in Pashto (Thorburn 1876: 314), Dari (Zellem 2012b:153), and Balochi (Badalkhan 2000).

Analysis of Afghan proverbs

For most Afghan languages, the first challenge is to collect proverbs before analysis can be done. For Pashto, which has the oldest and largest collections of proverbs, there have been two dissertations that analyzed the links between their proverbs and culture. (Though both projects were done with Pashto speakers on the Pakistan side of the border, the findings are expected to apply on the Afghan side of the borders, as well.) The first was about '"pashtunwali" or "pakhto", "the way of the Pashtuns", ... a code of honour embracing the customary law, morality, ethos and notion of ancestral heritage associated with "being Pashtun" and "doing pakhto" '.[15] The second dissertation 'argues that Pashto proverbs encode and promote a patriarchal view and sexist ideology.'[16] Gender identities and roles as expressed in Pashto proverbs are also described in an article-length presentation. [17]

Kohistani has written a thesis to show how understanding Afghan Dari proverbs will help Europeans understand Afghan culture.[18]

Notes

  1. ↑ Concise English Afghan Dari Dictionary & Proverbs, Behzad Book Center
  2. ↑ Wilson's 100 proverbs
  3. ↑ Edward Zellem. 2015. Zarbul Masalha. Tampa, FL: Cultures Direct.
  4. ↑ Lynch, Ruth. 2016. Review of Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs. Online access to review
  5. ↑ 2013 award by MWSA
  6. ↑ Noor Nazrabi. 2014. Afghanische Redensarten und Volksweisheiten, with illustrations by Moshtari Hillal. Afghanistik Verlag.
  7. ↑ Mataluna: 151 Afghan Pashto Proverbs. 2014. Tampa: Cultures Direct.
  8. ↑ Kulberg, Eve. 2015. Review of Mataluna: 151 Afghan Pashto Proverbs. Online access.
  9. ↑ Leonard Bartlotti. 2000. Negotiating Pakhto: Proverbs, Islam and the Construction of Identity among Pashtuns. University of Wales: Ph.D. thesis. Web access
  10. ↑ Shinwari, M. M. K. (1999). Da mataluno qisay (stories of proverbs). Peshawar: Master Printers, Mohalla Jangi.
  11. ↑ Lashkari, M. A. (2005). Oulasi mataluna (Popular Proverbs). Peshawar: Zeb Art Publishers
  12. ↑ Lashkari, M. A. (2009). Da mataluno qisay: Ter pa her baqi rozgar (Stories of proverbs: Old forgotten new adopted). Peshawar: Zeb Art Publishers.
  13. ↑ p. 293. Lehr, Rachel. 2014. A descriptive grammar of Pashai: The language and speech of a community of Darrai Nur. Phd dissertation, University of Chicago.
  14. ↑ scanned copy of Popular poetry of the Baloches
  15. ↑ p. iii. Leonard Bartlotti. 2000. Negotiating Pakhto: Proverbs, Islam and the Construction of Identity among Pashtuns. University of Wales: Ph.D. thesis. Web access
  16. ↑ Sanauddin, Noor. (2015) Proverbs and patriarchy: analysis of linguistic sexism and gender relations among the Pashtuns of Pakistan. University of Glasgow: PhD thesis. PDF of the dissertation
  17. ↑ Khan, Qaisar, Nighat Sultana, Arab Naz. 2015. The Linguistic Representation of Gender Identities in Pakhtu Proverbs. NUML Journal of Critical Inquiry. 13 (2). Web access
  18. ↑ Kohistani, Zahra. 2011. Understanding culture through proverbs. University of Amsterdam MA thesis. Online access

References

External links

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