Afterhyperpolarization

Schematic of an electrophysiological recording of an action potential, showing the various phases that occur as the voltage wave passes a point on a cell membrane. The afterhyperpolarisation is one of the processes that contribute to the refactory period.

Afterhyperpolarization, or AHP, describes the hyperpolarizing phase of a neuron's action potential where the cell's membrane potential falls below the normal resting potential. This is also commonly referred to as an action potential's undershoot phase. AHPs have been segregated into "fast", "medium", and "slow" components that appear to have distinct ionic mechanisms and durations. While fast and medium AHPs can be generated by single action potentials, slow AHPs generally develop only during trains of multiple action potentials.

During single action potentials, transient depolarization of the membrane opens more voltage-gated K⁺ channels than are open in the resting state, many of which do not close immediately when the membrane returns to its normal resting voltage. This can lead to an "undershoot" of the membrane potential to values that are more polarized ("hyperpolarized") than was the original resting membrane potential. Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels that open in response to the influx of Ca²⁺ during the action potential carry much of the K⁺ current as the membrane potential becomes more negative. The K⁺ permeability of the membrane is transiently unusually high, driving the membrane voltage V_M even closer to the K⁺ equilibrium voltage E_K. Hence, hyperpolarization persists until the membrane K⁺ permeability returns to its usual value.^[1]

Medium and slow AHP currents also occur in neurons.^[2] The ionic mechanisms underlying medium and slow AHPs are not yet well understood, but may also involve M current and HCN channels for medium AHPs,^[3] and ion-dependent currents^[4] and/or ionic pumps for slow AHPs.^[5][6]

References

1. Purves et al., p. 37; Bullock, Orkand, and Grinnell, p. 152.
2. M. Shah, and D. G. Haylett. Ca2+ Channels Involved in the Generation of the Slow Afterhyperpolarization in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons. J Neurophysiol 83: 2554-2561, 2000.
3. N. Gu, K. Vervaeke, H. Hu, and J.F. Storm, Kv7/KCNQ/M and HCN/h, but not KCa2/SK channels, contribute to the somatic medium afterhyperpolarization and excitability control in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells, Journal of Physiology 566:689-715 (2005).
4. R. Andrade, R.C. Foehring, and A.V. Tzingounis, Essential role for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the expression, regulation, and gating of the slow afterhyperpolarization current in the cerebral cortex, Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 6:47 (2012).
5. J.H. Kim, I. Sizov, M. Dobretsov, and H. Von Gersdorff, Presynaptic Ca2+ buffers control the strength of a fast post-tetanic hyperpolarization mediated by the a3 Na+/K+-ATPase, Nature Neuroscience 10:196-205 (2007).
6. A.T. Gulledge, S. Dasari, K. Onoue, E.K. Stephens, J.M. Hasse, and D. Avesar, A sodium-pump-mediated afterhyperpolarization in pyramidal neurons., Journal of Neuroscience 33:13025-13041 (2013).