Alfred E. Jackson

Alfred E. Jackson
Nickname(s)	Mudwall
Born	January 11, 1807 Davidson County, Tennessee
Died	October 30, 1889 (aged 82) Jonesboro, Tennessee
Buried at	Jonesborough, Tennessee
Allegiance	Confederate States of America
Service/branch	Confederate States Army
Years of service	1861–1865
Rank	Brigadier General
Battles/wars	American Civil War Battle of Mill Springs Battle of Telford's Station Battle of Blue Springs East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad

Alfred Eugene Jackson (January 11, 1807 – October 30, 1889) was a Confederate States Army brigadier general during the American Civil War.^[1] Before the war, he was a farmer, produce wholesaler, miller, manufacturer and transporter of goods by wagon and boat. After the war, he was a tenant farmer in Virginia until he regained some of his property in Tennessee.

Early life

Alfred Eugene Jackson was born on January 11, 1807 in Davidson County, Tennessee.^[2][3] He attended Washington College (presumably Washington College Academy, a predecessor of Tusculum College, both of which were founded by Samuel Doak) and Greeneville College, now Tusculum College.^[2] After college he became a farmer and merchant of produce and manufactured wares, and distributed those goods from North Carolina to the Mississippi River through an extensive transportation network of wagons and boats that he established.^[3]

American Civil War

Alfred E. Jackson began his Confederate States Army service as a major on September 11, 1861.^[2] Taking advantage of his experience, he served as quartermaster on the staff of Brigadier General Felix Zollicoffer until Zollicoffer was killed at the Battle of Mill Springs^[3][4]

Jackson then served as a paymaster at Knoxville, Tennessee^[3] under the command of then Major General E. Kirby Smith.^[5] Jackson's original appointment as a brigadier general on October 29, 1862, was canceled.^[2] He was promoted to brigadier general on February 9, 1863.^[2][3][4]

After this promotion, Alfred Jackson was given command of a brigade in the Confederate Department of East Tennessee in April 1863.^[2][3] The brigade had both cavalry troopers and infantry soldiers and the men in the brigade were rotated in and out at various times.^[6][7] In May 1863, the brigade briefly was attached to the Army of Tennessee.^[2] Jackson's brigade took part in several minor battles and skirmishes, pursued deserters, raided into eastern Kentucky and southwestern Virginia and fought Union loyalists and bushwackers.^[6] They captured the 100th Ohio Infantry Regiment at the Battle of Telford's Station, Tennessee.^[3]

The unit was assigned to Major General Robert Ransom Jr's. division between October 1863 and February 1864, Brigadier General Bushrod R. Johnson's division in February and March 1864, and Major General Simon Buckner's division in April and May 1864, all in the Confederate Trans-Allegheny Department.^[2] General Braxton Bragg criticized Jackson in a May 1864 report because his men were in "miserable order."^[6]

Jackson and his men spent most of the war fighting guerrilla actions and small battles in east Tennessee, eastern Kentucky, far southwestern Virginia and western North Carolina.^[6] They supported Brigadier General John S. Williams in his retreat after the Battle of Blue Springs and helped guard the winter quarters of lieutenant general James Longstreet's corps at Knoxville during their detachment to the western theater of the war.^[6] They also fought minor engagements with Union Army Major General Ambrose Burnside's men along the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad.^[6][8]

Jackson and his brigade were ordered to assist in the defense of Saltville, Virginia in the Confederate Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia, successor to the Trans-Allegheny Department from September 30, 1864.^[2] Jackson was assigned to light staff duty under Major General John C. Breckenridge in the same department on November 23, 1864.^[6] Historian John Stanchak states that this implies the 57-year-old Jackson was in poor health.^[6]

Postwar years

After the war, Jackson was impoverished and rented land in Washington County, Virginia, which he cultivated with his own hands.^[3] President Andrew Johnson granted Jackson a special pardon on November 16, 1865, because of kindness shown by Jackson to Johnson's family in East Tennessee during the war.^[2][3] Because of the pardon, Jackson gradually regained enough of his property to return to Jonesboro, Tennessee.^[3][6]

Alfred Eugene Jackson died October 30, 1889, at Jonesboro, Tennessee, and is buried there.^[2][3][9]

Nickname controversy

There is a controversy about the nickname Mudwall. While fellow Confederate General William Lowther Jackson from West Virginia (no family relation) has been known as such for a long time it was found by noted historian Garry W. Gallagher that the nickname was originally given to Alfred Jackson. It seems the two were mixed up in the Southern Historical Society Papers in 1906 and the error was involuntarily repeated afterwards. Sometimes the name is even attributed to another (likewise not related) Confederate Brigadier, John K. Jackson. It is also possible that at times the name was attributed to several of the Jacksons simultaneously.^[10][11]

See also

• List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

1. He has occasionally been confused with William Lowther Jackson, a Confederate brigadier general and Stonewall Jackson's second cousin. Stanchak, 1986, p. 389.
2. Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. p. 314
3. Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5. pp. 148-149
4. Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 0-8160-1055-2. p. 334
5. Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. The Civil War Dictionary. New York: McKay, 1988. ISBN 0-8129-1726-X. First published New York, McKay, 1959. p. 430
6. Stanchak, John E. "Jackson, Alfred Eugene" in Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War, edited by Patricia L. Faust. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. ISBN 978-0-06-273116-6. p. 389
7. Stanchak notes that the brigade included a company of Cherokee Indians (Native Americans) for a time. Sifakis, 1988, p. 334 states that at times the brigade was composed mostly of William H. Thomas's Legion of Cherokees and men from the western North Carolina mountains.
8. This railroad was later consolidated with the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad to become the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway.
9. Jonesboro, Tennessee is now spelled "Jonesborough."
10. "You Know of " Old Stonewall " Meet " Old Mudwall " Jackson". Civil War Talk. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
11. Walden, Geoffrey R. (1990). "Will the Real "Mudwall" Jackson Please Stand Up?". Blue & Gray. VIII (#1).

References

• Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. The Civil War Dictionary. New York: McKay, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8129-1726-0. First published 1959 by McKay.
• Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
• Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
• Stanchak, John E. "Jackson, Alfred Eugene" in Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War, edited by Patricia L. Faust. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. ISBN 978-0-06-273116-6.
• Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.
• Will the Real "Mudwall" Please Stand Up? (pdf)