Amanita rubrovolvata
Amanita rubrovolvata, commonly known as the red volva Amanita, is a species of fungus in the Amanitaceae family. First described scientifically by the Japanese mycologist S. Imai in 1939, it is widely distributed in eastern Asia. The fungus produces small- to medium-sized mushrooms, with reddish-orange caps up to 6.5 mm (0.26 in) wide. The stems are up to 100 mm (3.9 in) tall, cream above the ring and cream to yellowish below it. The stem ends in a roughly spherical bulb at the base, which is covered with bright orange patches. Neither edibility nor toxicity have been established for the fungus, but it is suspected to be associated with neurological anomalies. Several molecular studies have confirmed the mushroom's classification in the subgenus Amanita of the genus Amanita, along with closely related species such as A. muscaria.
Taxonomy, phylogeny, and naming
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| Phylogeny of A. rubrovolvata and related species based on ribosomal DNA sequences.[2] |
The species was first described scientifically by the Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai in 1939, based on various collections made in Japan during 1933–38. Imai designated the Japanese name for mushroom as Hime-beni-tengutake (ヒメベニテングタケ).[3] According to the online taxonomical database MycoBank, the name Amplariella rubrovolvata, proposed by French mycologist Jean-Edouard Gilbert in 1941,[4] is a synonym;[1] the generic name Amplariella has since been subsumed into Amanita.[5]
Amanita rubrovolvata is classified in the subgenus Amanita of the genus Amanita, according to the systems proposed by Cornelis Bas (1969),[6] and Rolf Singer (1986).[7] It was one of 49 Amanita species included in a 1998 molecular phylogenetic analysis intended to help clarify natural groups and phylogenetic relationships within the genus. In the cladogram, A. rubrovolvata is on a branch next to a cluster of species including A. pantherina var. lutea, A. gemmata, A. farinosa, and A. sinensis.[2] These results were comparable to those published in later phylogenetic analyses (1999, 2004, 2010) that have included A. rubrovolata as part of a larger dataset.[8][9][10]
The specific epithet rubrovolvata is derived from the Latin words ruber ("red"), and the adjective volvatus ("closely sheathed").[11] Amanita authority Rodham E. Tulloss has suggested "red volva Amanita" as an appropriate common name.[12]
Description
The cap of A. rubrovolvata is 2–6.5 mm (0.08–0.26 in) wide, convex to flattened, sometimes with a slight umbo. They are dark red to reddish-orange, becoming a paler orange to yellowish at the margin. The cap surface is densely covered with red to orange to yellow, powdery to granular remnants of the volva. The cap margin is grooved—with the grooves extending to between 30% to 60% of the radius—and does not have partial veil remnants hanging along the cap margin. The flesh of the mushroom is white to yellow, or reddish immediately beneath the cap cuticle. The white gills are free from attachment to the stem and are 3 to 6 mm (0.12 to 0.24 in) broad. The lamellulae (short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stem) are truncate, and typically range in length between 15–50% of the length of the gills.[12][13]
The stem is 50–100 mm (2.0–3.9 in) by 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) thick, roughly cylindrical or slightly larger upwards, with a surface that is cream above the ring and cream to yellowish below. The bulb at the base of the stem is roughly spherical, and 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) wide, with its upper part covered with red, orange to yellow woolly to powdery remnants of the volva. The volva remains in mature specimens as a ring around the upper part of the stem bulb. The ring is membranous, persistent, with an upper surface that is white and a lower surface having a yellowish tinge and an edge that is red to orange.[12]
Amanita rubrovolvata produces a white to cream-colored spore print. The spores are spherical or nearly so, and typically measure 7.5–9.0 by 7.0–8.5 µm.[12] They are inamyloid, meaning that they will not absorb iodine stain from Melzer's reagent. The basidia (spore-bearing cells in the hymenium) are club-shaped, four-spored (rarely two-spored), and measure 25–44 by 10–14 µm. The sterigmata (slender extensions at the basidial tips that attach to the spores) are 3–4 µm long, and clamps are not found on the bases of basidia.[14]
Although the edibility or toxicity of the mushroom is not known with certainty, it has been reported to cause "neurological symptoms" in mice, as well as increased levels of blood glucose and decreased blood urea nitrogen.[15] Other biochemical changes reported in mice, after peritoneal injection of fruit body extract, include decreases in the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and reduced levels of liver glycogen. In these experiments, values returned to normal six hours after initial injection, suggesting that the poisoning was not serious, and did not affect liver and kidney performance.[16]
Similar species
Sanmee and colleagues mention that the eastern North American species A. frostiana resembles A. rubrovoltata slightly, but the former has short grooves at the edge of a yellowish-orange cap, slightly larger spores, a yellow volva, and clamps at the basidial bases.[14] Roger Heim reported A. frostiana as occurring in Thailand,[17] but this was probably a misidentification of A. rubrovolvata.[14][18]
Habitat and distribution
Amanita rubrovoltata mushrooms grow in groups on the ground. Amanita species form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. This is a mutually beneficial relationship where the hyphae of the fungus grow around the roots of trees, enabling the fungus to receive moisture, protection and nutritive byproducts of the tree, and affording the tree greater access to soil nutrients.[19] The original Japanese collections were made in forests dominated by Japanese beech (Fagus crenata),[3] but it has also been found growing near Quercus luecotrichophora, Rhododendron arboreum, and Myrica esculenta in India,[13] in Castanopsis-Schima forest in Nepal,[20] and in Castanopsis indica plantations in the Himalayas.[20]
The species occurs in China, northern India,[21] Nepal,[20] Gharwal Himalaya,[13] South Korea,[22] and countries of Southeast Asia (for example, Thailand).[14] The southern limit of the distribution extends to southern Malay Peninsula.[23]
See also
References
- 1 2 "Amplariella rubrovolvata (S. Imai) E.-J. Gilbert 1941". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
- 1 2 Weiß M, Yang Z-L, Oberwinkler F (1998). "Molecular phylogenetic studies in the genus Amanita". Canadian Journal of Botany. 76: 1170–79. doi:10.1139/cjb-76-7-1170.
- 1 2 Imai S. (1939). "Studia Agaricacearum Japonicarum. I". Botanical Magazine Tokyo. 53 (633): 392–99. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
- ↑ Gilbert E-J. (1941). "Iconographia mycologica, Amanitaceae". Iconographia mycologica. 27 (Suppl. 1): 203–427.
- ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ↑ Bas C. (1969). "Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph on its section Lepidella". Persoonia. 5: 285–579.
- ↑ Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 441. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
- ↑ Oda T, Tanaka C, Tsuda M (1999). "Molecular phylogeny of Japanese Amanita species based on bucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA" (PDF). Mycoscience. 40 (1): 57–64. doi:10.1007/BF02465674.
- ↑ Zhang L, Yang J, Yang Z (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of eastern Asian species of Amanita (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): taxonomic and biogeographic implications" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 17: 219–38. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
- ↑ Justo A, Hallen-Adams HE, Hibbett DS (2010). "Convergent evolution of sequestrate forms in Amanita under Mediterranean climate conditions" (PDF). Mycologia. 102 (3): 675–88. doi:10.3852/09-191. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
- ↑ Stearn WT. (2004). Botanical Latin. Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 485, 529. ISBN 0-88192-627-2.
- 1 2 3 4 Tulloss RE. "Amanita rubrovolvata". Studies in the Amanitaceae. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
- 1 2 3 Semwal KC, Tulloss RE, Bhatt RP, Stephenson SL, Upadhyay RC. "New records of Amanita section Amanita from Garhwal Himalaya, India". Mycotaxon. 101: 331–48. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- 1 2 3 4 Sanmee R, Tulloss RE, Lumyong R, Dell B, Lumyong S (2008). "Studies on Amanita (Basidiomycetes: Amanitaceae) in Northern Thailand" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 32: 97–123. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
- ↑ Yamaura Y (1988). "Classification of poisonous mushrooms according to their biochemical effects in mice". Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene) (in Japanese). 43 (2): 669–78. doi:10.1265/jjh.43.669. ISSN 0021-5082. PMID 3236502.
- ↑ Yamaura Y, Komiyama S, Fukuhara M, Takabatake E, Hashimoto T (1983). "Biochemical effects of Amanita muscaria extract in mice". Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan (in Japanese). 24 (5): 459–64. doi:10.3358/shokueishi.24.459. ISSN 0015-6426.
- ↑ Heim R. (1962). "Contribution à la flore mycologique de la Thaïland". Revue de Mycologie (in French). 27: 123–60.
- ↑ Tulloss RE. "Amanita frostiana". Studies in the Amanitaceae. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
- ↑ Jenkins DB. (1986). Amanita of North America. Eureka, CA: Mad River Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-916422-55-0.
- 1 2 3 Adhikari MK, Parajuli P, Durrieu G (1994). "Le genre Amanita au Nepal (II)." [The genus Amanita in Nepal (II)]. Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 110 (1): 29–32.
- ↑ Bhatt RP, Tulloss RE, Semwal KC, Bhatt VK, Moncalvo JM, Stephenson SL (2003). "Amanitaceae reported from India. A critically annotated checklist". Mycotaxon. 88: 249–70.
- ↑ Park S-S, Cho D-H, Lee J-Y (1986). "The flora of higher fungi in Mount Jiri Korea areas I". Korean Journal of Mycology. 14 (4): 247–52. ISSN 0253-651X.
- ↑ Corner EJH, Bas C (1962). "The genus Amanita in Singapore and Malaya". Persoonia. 2: 241–304.
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