Bahá'í Faith in Poland

The Bahá'í Faith in Poland begins in the 1870s when Polish writer Walerian Jablonowski[1] wrote several articles covering its early history in Persia.[2][3] There was a polish language translation of Paris Talks published in 1915.[1] After becoming a Bahá'í in 1925[4] Poland's Lidia Zamenhof returned to Poland in 1938 as its first well known Bahá'í. During the period of the Warsaw Pact Poland adopted the Soviet policy of oppression of religion, so the Bahá'ís, strictly adhering to their principle of obedience to legal government, abandoned its administration and properties.[5] An analysis of publications before and during this period finds coverage by Soviet-based sources basically hostile to the religion while native Polish coverage was neutral or positive.[2] By 1963 only Warsaw was recognized as having a community.[6] Following the fall of communism in Poland because of the Revolutions of 1989, the Bahá'ís in Poland began to initiate contact with each other and have meetings - the first of these arose in Kraków and Warsaw.[1] In March 1991 the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly was re-elected in Warsaw. Poland's National Spiritual Assembly was elected in 1992.[7] According to Bahá'i sources there were about three hundred Bahá'ís in Poland in 2006 and there have been several articles in polish publications in 2008 covering the Persecution of Bahá'ís in Iran and Egypt.[8] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated the Bahá'ís at about 990 in 2005.[9]

Early period

The earliest known articles in Polish were written by Aleksander Walerian Jabłonowski[1] in the 1870s after he had met the Bahá'ís in Baghdad,[10] and one of these was to defend the Bahá'í Faith against an erroneous article in another publication.[2] Isabella Grinevskaya was the pen name of a very early Russian Bahá'í born in Grodno, and her father is buried in Warsaw.[11] Grodno was sometimes part of Poland and Belarus but during her entire lifetime was part of Russia.[12] She is well known because of a play of hers performed in 1903 called Báb.[1] In the 1910s some Jews in a regiment from Poland while stationed in Turkmenistan came into contact with the Bahá'ís there.[13] Later the rector of the Catholic University of Lublin met `Abdu'l-Bahá in 1914 while he lived in Palestine, and in 1915 there was a Polish translation of Paris Talks published in Silesia.[1]

Lidia Zamenhof

Main article: Lidia Zamenhof

Around 1925 Zamenhof became a member of the Bahá'í Faith.[4] Zamenhof was the official representative of the religion to the dedication of the monument erected upon the grave of her father in Warsaw in 1926.[14] Some Canadian Bahá'ís visited Poland in the early 1930s[15] while Zamenhof went to the United States in late 1937 to teach the religion as well as Esperanto. In December 1938 she returned to Poland, where she continued to teach and translated Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, (see John Esslemont), Hidden Words and Some Answered Questions.[4][16] While Zamenhof worked on the translations publication was delayed and accomplished out of France by a Polish nephew of Anne Lynch then in a Swiss internment camp for Polish officers.[17] In the second half of 1938 Zamenhof had been a major influence of the conversion of the first known Ukrainian becoming a Bahá'í, who was living in eastern Poland at the time.[18] Zamenhof mentions there were five Bahá'ís in Poland in August 1939.[14] Contact was made in 1947 with nine individuals investigating the religion mostly through Esperantist writings. One of them offered Zamenhof a hiding place she had declined.[19] She was arrested and eventually killed at the Treblinka extermination camp in autumn 1942.[20]

Period of oppression

Since its inception the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women,[21] promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern,[22] and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics.[21] The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released.[23] Bahá'ís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Bahá'í teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. World-wide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Bahá'í socioeconomic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482. However, in the Soviet sphere during the period of the Warsaw Pact Poland adopted the Soviet policy of oppression of religion, so the Bahá'ís, strictly adhering to their principle of obedience to legal government, abandoned its administration and properties.[5] From 1947 - 1950 Bahá'ís were still known to be in seven cities in Poland. In 1948 there was a known group studying the religion in Warsaw.[24] While the Bahá'ís in Poland were retreating from public view,[25] in Chicago, the largest ethnically Polish population outside of Warsaw,[26] saw the rise of the first Bahá'í House of Worship in the West and was completed in 1953. In 1960 a Bahá'í traveled from Poland to Luxembourg for a Bahá'í meeting.[27] By 1963 only Warsaw was recognized as having an active community.[6] After that, until about 1989, the Soviet oppression of religions ended public activities of the religion. See also other Soviet block countries which had Bahá'í communities like Ukraine, Turkmenistan among others. While the Bahá'í community became all but unknown, the religion had been the object of some academic and popular commentary in Poland over the years.[2] There are several distinctions between Soviet coverage translated into Polish and native Polish coverage of the Bahá'í Faith. There were differences in sources cited, periods when the works were published, and attitudes about the religion presented. Most Soviet translations cited works from Persian antagonists of the religion. The native Polish works cited leaders of the religion or western or earlier Polish academics. For the native Polish works no Russian or Soviet publications, either in translation or in original, were cited. The translations from Soviet academics largely came from the later period during Soviet domination of Poland while most of the native Polish references were from the period before. The Soviet sources tried to portray the history of the religion as supporting the philosophy of Dialectical materialism of Soviet communism as an early anti-feudal movement but in the end supporting imperialism and colonialism. Contrary to this, native Polish works were either neutral or sympathetic to the religion, including publications from the Catholic Church in Poland.[2] One of the few Polish Bahá'ís known from this period was Ola Pawlowska, a native of Poland who had fled during World War II and settled in Canada where she became a member of the religion.[28] In 1953 she became a Knight of Bahá'u'lláh when she moved to St. Pierre and Miquelon Islands.[29] In 1969 she was traveling in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[30] In 1971 at the age 61 she returned to Poland for a period of almost 2 years before pioneering to Luxemburg and then Zaire where she took interest in the Pygmy population.[28] Lisa Janti, better known as Lisa Montell, a Hollywood actress of the 1950s and 60s, was born Irena Augustynowic and her family fled Poland before World War II. In the 1960s she joined the religion[31] and then worked on several advocacy projects while continuing to work in the arts.[32] Contact at the time was so minimal that it is worth noting Polish visitors to Bahá'í Houses of Worship: before 1973 some visited the temple in Panama[33] who were surprised to meet a guide who could speak a little Polish and in May 1978 a dance troupe from Poland visited the one near Chicago.[34] In 1979 a Polish citizen attending an Esperantist convention joined the religion.[35]

Re-development

Following political changes in Poland following the Solidarity movement, the Bahá'ís in Poland began to initiate contact and have meetings with the first of these arising in Krakow and Warsaw.[1] By 1990 the Bahá'ís from the West were helping to build a center to serve as a place to host a Bahá'í summer school near Olesnica.[36] In March 1991 the first Local Spiritual Assembly was re-elected in Warsaw. The next assemblies in 1991-2 were in Białystok, Gdańsk, Kraków, Katowice, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Szczecin, and Wrocław. The National Assembly was elected in 1992[7] (indeed Pawlowska moved back to Poland at the age of 82 for a short time[28] to help form the assembly).[37] Jane (Sadler) Helbo was among those to pioneer to Poland when she moved to Katowice from 1992 to 2000.[38] In the spring of 1992 the Polish Bahá'í community participated in the election of the Universal House of Justice, and in December 1993 Polish Ambassador to Israel Dr. Jan Dowgiatto paid an official visit to the headquarters of the religion in Haifa, Israel.[1] Through the 1990s Bahá'ís in Poland presented at or were invited to various conferences or university classes. In 1999 Bahá'í composer Lasse Thoresen of Norway had a composition performed at the Warsaw Autumn.[39] In 2004 Senator Maria Szyszkowska held hearings at which Bahá'ís gave presentations.[1]

Modern community

In 2000 Poland rose in support of a United Nations human rights resolution about concern over the Bahá'ís in Iran as well as taking steps to further document conditions.[40] There were about three hundred Bahá'ís in Poland in 2006.[8] The 2006 and 2008 Polish summer schools took place late July in Serock, near Warsaw.[41] Several Polish language publications have covered the religion in recent years.[8] The Polish edition of Cosmopolitan had an extended article about the Bahá'í Faith in August 2008 by Małgorzata Kowalczyk-Łuka who followed a family learning about the religion. The Polish Gazette (Gazeta Wyrborcza) also covered the religion in February and April 2008, mostly covering the Persecution of Bahá'ís in Iran (and once earlier in October 2006 covering the situation in Egypt). Bahá'ís from Poland were among the more than 4,600 people who gathered in Frankfurt for the largest ever Bahá'í conference in Germany.[42] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated about 990 Bahá'ís in 2005.[9]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "History in Poland". Official Webpage of the Bahá'ís of Poland. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Poland. 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Jasion, Jan T. (1999). "The Polish Response to Soviet Anti-Bahá'í Polemics". Associate. Winter 1999 (29). Association for Bahá'í Studies (English-Speaking Europe). Archived from the original on 2012-02-15.
  3. ↑ Momen, Moojan. "Russia". Draft for "A Short Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith". Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  4. 1 2 3 Smith, Peter (2000). "Zamenhof, Lidia". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 368. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
  5. 1 2 Effendi, Shoghi (1936-03-11). The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh. Haifa, Palestine: US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1991 first pocket-size edition. pp. 64–67.
  6. 1 2 The Bahá'í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963, Compiled by Hands of the Cause residing in the Holy Land, page 109
  7. 1 2 Hassall, Graham. "Notes on Research on National Spiritual Assemblies". Research notes. Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies. Retrieved 2000-03-20. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  8. 1 2 3 "Press about the Bahá'í Faith". Official Webpage of the Bahá'ís of Poland. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Poland. 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  9. 1 2 "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  10. ↑ MacEoin, Denis; William Collins. "Babi history". The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Press's ongoing series of Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies. pp. entry #99. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
  11. ↑ "A.S.Fridberg , 6 Nov. 1838 - 21 March 1902". Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  12. ↑ "Short Description/History". Eastern BorderLands of the II Polish Republic. Paul Havers. 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  13. ↑ Momen, Moojan. "Turkmenistan". Draft for "A Short Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith". Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  14. 1 2 "The Cost of Constancy: impressions of Lydia Zamenhof". Bahá'í News. No. 515. February 1974. pp. 19–21.
  15. ↑ Van den Hoonaard, Willy Carl (1996). The Origins of the Bahá'í Community of Canada, 1898-1948. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-88920-272-6.
  16. ↑ "Famous Baha'is". adherents.com. 2005-12-06. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  17. ↑ "Memorial Services Honor Mrs. Anne Lynch". Bahá'í News. No. 430. January 1967. p. 2.
  18. ↑ "News from Other Lands; First Ukrainian Bahá'í". Bahá'í News. No. 183. May 1946. p. 8.
  19. ↑ "From the Geneva Bureau News Exchamge; Poland". Bahá'í News. No. 201. November 1947. p. 3.
  20. ↑ Dale, John. "Notes on the life of Lidia Zamenhof". Essays and Internet Postings. Bahá'í Online Library. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  21. 1 2 Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran". draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  22. ↑ Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (1997). "Education of women and socio-economic development". Baha'i Studies Review. 7 (1).
  23. ↑ Momen, Moojan; Smith, Peter (1989). "The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion. 19: 63–91. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
  24. ↑ "Around the World; Poland". Bahá'í News. No. 207. May 1948. p. 2.
  25. ↑ "Around the World; Poland". Bahá'í News. No. 238. December 1950. p. 9.
  26. ↑ America the diverse - Chicago's Polish neighborhoods (5/15/2005) USA Weekend Magazine.
  27. ↑ "Luxembourg National Day Inspired by Visit of Hand of Cause Hermann Grossmann". Bahá'í News. No. 357. December 1960. p. 16.
  28. 1 2 3 Batchelor, Thelma (2008-12-23). "Review of Legacy of Courage - The Life of Ola Pawlowska, Knight of Bahá'u'lláh". Customer Reviews. Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  29. ↑ Lehman, Dale E. (2009-03-06). "Review of Legacy of Courage: The Life of Ola Pawlowska". Book Reviews. Planet Bahá'í. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  30. ↑ "Institute Generates Peace in Heart of Congo". Bahá'í News. No. 464. November 1969. p. 11.
  31. ↑ "Lisa Montell Profile". Profiles. Glamour Girls of the Silver Screen. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
  32. ↑ "About the Artists". Lisa Janti Website. Lisa Janti. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
  33. ↑ "The Panama Temple Today". Bahá'í News. No. 507. June 1973. p. 17.
  34. ↑ "United States - Dedications, celebrations, and picnics… as the American community launches a final drive toward victory in the Five Year Plan". Bahá'í News. No. 570. September 1978. p. 10.
  35. ↑ "Esperanto League". Bahá'í News. No. 574. January 1979. p. 19.
  36. ↑ "Poland; Building 'new Order,' brick by brick". Bahá'í News. No. 771. July 1990. pp. 1–3. ISSN 0195-9212.
  37. ↑ "Legacy of Courage - The Life of Ola Pawlowska, Knight of Bahá'u'lláh". Titles. George Ronald Publisher Ltd. Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  38. ↑ van Kerkhoff, Sonja (1992). "Jane (Sadler) Helbo - musician, wind instrument repairer, Poland / Denmark". Arts Dialogue. 1992 (December): 10–11.
  39. ↑ Universal House of Justice (April 1991). "April 1999 --- Ridván 156". Documents from the Universal House of Justice and the Bahá'í International Community. Bahá'í Online Library. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  40. ↑ United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Question of the violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms in any part of the world. E/CN.4/2000/L.16, 2000.
  41. ↑ "Entry for Poland". European Baha'i Blog. europeanbahai.org. 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  42. ↑ Bahá'í International Community (2009-02-08). "The Frankfurt Regional Conference". Bahá'í World News Service.

External links

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