Ban of Croatia
Ban of Croatia | |
---|---|
The heraldic standard of the Croatian ban in the 19th century | |
Reports to |
King of Croatia Croatian Parliament |
Seat | Banski dvori, Zagreb, Croatia |
Inaugural holder | Pribina |
Formation | 10th century |
Part of a series on |
Great Officers of State in the Kingdom of Hungary |
---|
Kingdom of Hungary |
Ban of Croatia (Croatian: Hrvatski ban; Hungarian: horvát bán) was the title of local rulers or office holders and after 1102 viceroys of Croatia. From earliest periods of Croatian state, some provinces were ruled by Bans as a rulers representative (viceroy) and supreme military commander. In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually become chief government officials in Croatia. They were at the head of Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The institution of ban in Croatia persisted until the 20th century.
Origin of title
South Slavic ban (Croatian pronunciation: [bâːn], with a long [a]). The long form is directly attested in 10th-century Constantine Porphyrogenitus' book De Administrando Imperio as βο(ε)άνος, in a chapter dedicated to Croats and the organisation of their state, describing how their ban "has under his rule Krbava, Lika and Gacka".[1]
Medieval bans
References from the earliest periods are scarce, but history recalls that the first known Croatian ban is Pribina in the 10th century (in 949 and in 969). Ban on his territory was pursuing administrative, judicial and military authority.
The meaning of the title was elevated to that of provincial governor in the Kingdom of Croatia (for example, King Dmitar Zvonimir was originally a ban in 1065 serving under King Peter Krešimir IV).
Bans in the Kingdom of Croatia
Portrait | Name Honorifics (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Monarch (Reign) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pribina |
c. 949 |
969 |
(945–949) | |
The first historically attested Ban of Croatia. Pribina have deposed king Miroslav during a civil war in the Croatian Kingdom, and replaced him with Michael Krešimir II. He ruled over the župa's Gacka, Krbava and Lika, according to De Administrando Imperio. He is also possibly referred to in a charter as potens banus, meaning "powerful ban".[2] | (949–969) | |||
Godimir |
c. 969 |
c. 995 | ||
He is said to have served the kings Michael Krešimir II and Stephen Držislav[3] in the King Petar Krešimir IV Charter from 1068.[4] | (969–997) | |||
Gvarda |
c. 995 |
c. 1000 | ||
Mentioned in the King Petar Krešimir IV Charter from 1068. | (997–1000) | |||
Božetjeh |
c. 1000 |
c. 1030 | ||
Mentioned in the King Petar Krešimir IV Charter from 1068. | (1000–1030) and Gojslav(1000–1020) | |||
Stjepan Praska Protospatharios |
c. 1035 |
c. 1058 |
(1030–1058) | |
According to the chronicle of Archdeacon Goricensis John, he was established by king Stephen I around 1035 (after his military expeditions to the east), thus succeeding Božeteh as Croatian ban.[5][6][7]
He eventually attained an imperial title of protospatharios somewhere between 1035 and 1042, which governed his influence over the Byzantine Dalmatian thema. | ||||
Gojko |
c. 1059 |
c. 1069 |
(1058–1074) | |
He was most likely the brother of king Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia, who was rumored to have murdered his brother Gojslav.[8] | ||||
Dmitar Zvonimir |
c. 1070 |
c. 1075 | ||
During the reign of Peter Krešimir IV (Zvonimir's relative), Demetrius Zvonimir ruled in Slavonia, specifically the land between the rivers Drava and Sava, with the title of ban.[9] Croatian charters at the time were issued in the names of both King Peter Krešimir and Ban Zvonimir.[10] At the beginning of 1075, Peter Krešimir IV named Demetrius Zvonimir "by the grace of God Duke of Croatia". This title made him not only the ruler of northern Dalmatia, but also the chief advisor of the king and his heir. In that same year, Normans from southern Italy, invaded Croatia and captured a certain Croatian ruler whose name is not known, possibly King Peter Krešimir, who died soon after and was succeeded by Demetrius Zvonimir.[11] | ||||
Petar Snačić |
c. 1075 |
c. 1091 |
(1075–1089) |
Bans (c. 1102 - c. 1225)
After the Croats elected Hungarian kings as kings of Croatia in 1102, the title of ban acquired the meaning of viceroy - bans were appointed by the king, as his representatives in Kingdom of Croatia, heads of the Parliament and also as supreme commander of Croatian Army.
Croatia was governed by the 'viceregal' ban as a whole between 1102 and 1225, when it was split into two separate banovinas: Slavonia and Croatia. Two different bans were occasionally appointed until 1476, when the institution of a single ban was resumed. Most of bans were native nobles but some were also of Hungarian ancestry.
Most notable bans from this period were Pavao Šubić, Petar Berislavić.
Portrait | Name Honorifics (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Monarch (Reign) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ugra |
1102 |
1105 |
(1102–1116) | |
Sergije |
1005 | |||
Ugrin (1811–1896) |
1007 | |||
Klaudije |
1116 |
1117 |
(1116–1131) | |
Aleksije |
c. 1130 |
c. 1141 |
(1131–1141) | |
Beloš (fl. 1141–1163) |
1142 |
c. 1158 |
(1141–1162) | |
Arpa |
1158 | |||
Beloš (fl. 1141–1163) |
1163 |
(1162–1172) | ||
Ampudin |
1164 |
c. 1180 | ||
Dionizije |
c. 1180 |
c. 1183 |
(1172–1196) | |
Suban |
1183 |
1185 | ||
Kalán (c. 1152–1218) |
1190 |
1193 | ||
Dominik |
1194 |
c. 1195 | ||
Andrija |
1198 |
1199 |
(1196–1204) | |
Nikola |
1199 |
1200 | ||
Benedikt |
1199 |
1200 | ||
Martin Hontpázmán |
1202 | |||
Hipolit |
1204 | |||
Merkurije |
1205 |
1206 |
(1204–1205) | |
Stjepan Mihaljević |
1206 |
1207 |
(1205–1235) | |
Banko |
1208 |
1209 | ||
Berthold |
1209 |
1211 | ||
Mihajlo |
1211 |
1213 | ||
Ðula Šikloški |
1213 | |||
Ohuz |
1213 |
1214 | ||
Ivan |
1215 |
1216 | ||
Poncije od Križa |
1216 |
1217 | ||
Banko |
1217 |
1218 | ||
Ðula Šikloški |
1218 |
1219 | ||
Ohuz |
1219 |
1220 | ||
Šalomon |
c. 1222 |
c. 1225 | ||
Mihajlo |
1225 | |||
Parallel bans of Slavonia and Dalmatia
From 1225 to 1476 there were parallel bans of "the Croatia and Dalmatia" and of "the Whole of Slavonia". The following is the list of the former; the latter are listed at Ban of Slavonia. During the period of separate titles of ban, several persons held both titles, which is indicated in the notes.
Bans of the Dalmatia and Croatia | ||
Name | Reign | Notes |
Vojink | 1225 | |
Valegin | 1226 | |
Stjepan | 1243–1251 | |
Butko | 1259 | |
Nikola Omedejev (son of Amade Aba) | 1272–1273 | |
Paul I Šubić of Bribir | 1273–1312 | |
Mladen II Šubić of Bribir | 1312–1322 | |
Nikola I Lacković | 1342–1343 | |
Nikola Bánffy of Lendava | 1345–1346 | also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Pavao Ugal | 1350 | also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Stjepan I Lacković | 1350–1352 | also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Nikola Bánffy of Lendava | 1353–1356 | second term, also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Ivan Ćuz | 1356–1358 | |
Nicholas Széchy | 1358–1366 | |
Konja Széchényi | 1366–1367 | |
Mirko (Emmeric) Lacković | 1368 | |
Šimun (Simon) Mauricijev | 1369–1371 | |
Charles of Durazzo | 1371–1376 | |
Nikola Széchy | 1377–1380 | second term |
Emerik Bubek | 1380–1383 | |
Stjepan II Lacković | 1383–1384 | |
Toma | 1384–1385 | |
John of Palisna or Ivan de Paližna | 1385-1386 | Co-Ruled with relative Ivan (John) Anjou Horvat de Radics (1385,1386,1387), also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Ladislav of Lučenac | 1387 | |
Dionizij of Lučenac | 1387–1389 | |
John of Palisna or Ivan de Paližna | 1389 | also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Ivan | 1389–1392 | |
Ivan Frankopan of Krk | 1391–1393 | (died 1393), also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
After the death of King Louis I of Hungary, his daughter Mary succeeded to the throne, which led to kings Charles III and Ladislaus of Naples claiming the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen. A war erupted between forces loyal to Mary and later to her husband and successor, Sigismund of Luxembourg, and those loyal to Ladislaus.
During this time, Sigismund appointed Nikola II Gorjanski (who was also count palatine) the ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1392, Butko Kurjaković in 1394, and then again Gorjanski in the period 1394–1397. Nikola Gorjanski, between 1397 and 1402, was also at the time the Ban of Slavonia, succeeded by Ladislav Grdevacki (1402–1404), Pavao Besenyő (1404), Pavao Pecz (1404–1406), Hermann II of Celje (1406–1408).
Ladislaus in turn appointed his own bans, including Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić. In 1409, this dynastic struggle was resolved when Ladislaus sold his rights over Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice.
Bans of the Dalmatia and Croatia | ||
Name | Reign | Notes |
Pavao Kurjaković | 1410–1411 | co-ruled with Ivan Kurjaković |
Petar de Alben | 1412–1419 | |
Dionizije IV Lacković | 1416–1418 | also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Albert de Ungh | 1419–1426 | |
Nikola Frankopan | 1426–1432 | Son of ban Ivan Frankopan |
Stjepan Frankopan | 1434–1437 | co-ruled with Ivan Frankopan 1434-1436 |
Ivan Hunyadi | 1446–1450 | |
Ladislav Hunyadi | 1454–1455 | |
co-Ban Nikola Frankopan | 1456–1458 | Son of Ban Nikola Frankopan; also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Pavao Špirančić | 1459–1463 | |
Mirko (Emeric) Zapoljski | 1464–1465 | also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Ivan Thuz of Lak | 1466–1467 | also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Blaž Mađar Podmanički | 1470–1472 | also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Nikola Iločki | 1472 | also at the time the Ban of Slavonia (1457-1463) |
Damjan Horvat | 1472–1473 | also at the time the Ban of Slavonia |
Damjan Horvat | 1473–1476 |
Bans of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia
From 1476 onwards, the titles of Ban of Dalmatia and Croatia and Ban of Whole of Slavonia are again united in the single title of Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia:
Name | Reign | Notes |
Andrija Bánffy of Lendava | 1476–1477 | |
Ladislav of Egervár | 1477–1481 | |
Blaž Madar Podmanicki | 1482 | |
Matija Gereb | 1483–1489 | known from the Battle of Una |
Ladislav of Egervár | 1489–1493 | |
Emerik (Mirko) Derencin | 1493 | known from the Battle of Krbava field |
Ivan Bot | 1493 | |
Ladislav Kaniški | 1493–1495 | |
Ivaniš Korvin | 1495–1498 | |
Juraj Kaniški | 1498–1499 | |
Ivan Korvin | 1499–1504 | |
Franjo Balassa of Gyarmat | 1505 | |
Andrija Bot | 1505–1507 | |
Marko Mišljenović | 1506–1507 | |
Ivan Ernust of Čakovec | 1508–1509 | |
Juraj Kaniški | 1508–1509 | |
Andrija Bot | 1510–1511 | |
Mirko (Emeric) Perényi | 1512–1513 | |
Petar Berislavić | 1513–1520 | known from the Battle of Dubica |
Ivan Karlović (Johann Torquatus) of Krbava (Corbavia) | 1521–1524 | |
Ivan Tahy | 1525 | |
Franjo Baćan (Batthyány) | 1525–1527 | |
Krsto (Christopher) Frankopan (Frangepan) | 1527 | (died 1527) Grandson of Ban Stephen Frankopan |
Habsburg-era Croatia
The title of ban persisted in Croatia after 1527 when the country became part of the Habsburg Monarchy, and continued all the way until 1918.
Among the most distinguished bans in Croatian history were the three members of Šubić/Zrinski family - Nikola Šubić Zrinski and his great-grandsons Nikola Zrinski and Petar Zrinski. Also there are two notable Erdödys: Toma Erdödy, great warrior and statesman in one person, and Ivan Erdödy, to whom Croatia owes much for protecting her rights against the Hungarian nobility, his most widely known saying in Latin is Regnum regno non praescribit leges, "a kingdom may not impose laws to a(nother) kingdom".
In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually become chief government officials in Croatia. They were at the head of Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The most known bans of that era were Josip Jelačić, Ivan Mažuranić and Josip Šokčević
Bans in the Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg dynasty ruled Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia between 1527 and 1848, and appointed the following bans:
Portrait | Name Honorifics (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Monarch (Reign) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ivan Karlović (c. 1485–1531) |
1527 |
1531 |
(1527–1564) | |
Šimun Erdödy (c. 1489–143) |
1530 |
1534 | ||
Louis Pekry of Petrovina |
1532 |
1537 | ||
Toma Nádasdy (1498–1562) |
1537 |
1539 | ||
Petar Keglević of Buzin (1478–c. 1554) |
1537 |
1542 | ||
Nikola Šubić Zrinski (1508–c. 1566) |
1542 |
1556 | ||
Petar Erdődy of Monyorokerek (1508–c. 1566) |
1557 |
1567 | ||
Franjo I. Frankopan Slunjski |
1567 |
1572 |
(1563–1576) | |
Juraj Drašković (1525–1587) |
1567 |
1576 | ||
Gašpar Alapić of Veliki Kalnik (unknown–1584) |
1575 |
1577 | ||
Krsto Ungnad |
1578 |
1583 |
(1572–1608) | |
Toma Erdődy of Monyorokerek (1558–1624) |
1583 |
1595 | ||
Gašpar Stankovački |
1595 |
1596 | ||
Ivan II Drašković of Trakošćan (1550–1613) |
1595 |
1607 | ||
Toma Erdödy (1558–1624) |
1608 |
1615 |
(1608–1618) | |
Benedikt Thuroczy |
1615 |
1616 | ||
Nikola IX Frankapan (1584–1647) |
1617 |
1622 | ||
Juraj V Zrinski (1599–1626) |
1622 |
1626 |
(1618–1637) | |
Žigmund Erdödy (1596–1639) |
1627 |
1639 | ||
Ivan III Drašković (1595–1648) |
1640 |
1646 |
(1625–1657) | |
Nikola VII Zrinski (1620–1664) |
1647 |
1664 | ||
Nikola III. Erdödy (1630–1693) |
1670 |
1693 |
(1657–1705) | |
Adam Baćan (1662–1703) |
1693 |
1703 | ||
Ivan Pálffy (1664–1751) |
1704 |
1732 |
(1705–1711) | |
Ivan V Drašković (-1733) |
1732 |
1733 |
(1711–1740) | |
Josip Esterházy of Galanta (1682–1748) |
1733 |
1741 | ||
György Branyng acting |
1741 |
1742 |
(1740–1780) | |
Karlo Josip Baćan (1697–1772) |
1743 |
1756 | ||
Franjo Nádasdy (1708–1783) |
1756 |
1783 | ||
Franjo Eszterházy (1715–1785) |
1783 |
1785 |
(1780–1790) | |
Franjo Balassa de Gyarmat (1736–1807) |
1785 |
1790 | ||
Ivan Erdődy (1733–1806) |
1790 |
1806 |
(1790–1792) | |
Ignjat Đulaj (1763–1831) |
1806 |
1831 |
(1792–1835) | |
Franjo Vlašić (1766–1840) |
1832 |
1840 |
(1835–1848) | |
Juraj Haulik acting (1788–1869) |
1840 |
1842 | ||
Franz Haller (1796–1875) |
1842 |
1845 | ||
Juraj Haulik acting (1788–1869) |
1845 |
1848 |
Bans of the interregnum during the Revolutions of 1848
Croatia was a Habsburg crown territory between 1849 and 1867[12] during which time the following bans were appointed:
Portrait | Name Honorifics (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Monarch (Reign) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Josip Jelačić (1801–1890) |
1848 |
1859 |
(1848–1916) | |
Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg (1794–1880) |
1859 |
1860 | ||
Josip Šokčević (1811–1896) |
1860 |
1867 |
Bans in the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Croatia was returned to Hungarian control in 1867 when the Habsburg Empire was reconstituted as the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Between then and 1918 the following bans were appointed:
Portrait | Name Honorifics (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Monarch (Reign) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Levin Rauch (1819–1890) |
1867 |
1871 |
(1848–1916) | |
Member of the Unionist Party that advocated an integration of Croatia and Hungary; Notable for securing victory of the Unionist Party through changing the election law and terrorising those who were able to vote.[13] | ||||
Koloman Bedeković Komorski (1818–1889) |
1871 |
1872 | ||
Bedeković was the leader of the Unionist Party and fought against his country's independence. Dissatisfaction with the obstruction of parliament led to the Rakovica Revolt. Early elections were subsequently called for 1872. The failure of Bedeković to convene the previous parliament resulted in him being removed from the post of ban and replaced with the first non-noble ban, Ivan Mažuranić. | ||||
Antun Vakanović acting (1808–1894) |
1872 |
1873 | ||
Ivan Mažuranić (1814–1890) |
1873 |
1880 | ||
Mažuranić was the first Croatian ban not to hail from old nobility, as he was born a commoner. [14] He was a member of the People's Party. He accomplished the Croatian transition from a semifeudal legal and economic system to a modern civil society similar to those emerging in other countries in central Europe. | ||||
Ladislav Pejačević (1824–1901) |
1880 |
1883 | ||
As the reincorporation of the Croatian and Slavonian Frontiers into Croatian-Slavonian Crown land was proclaimed on 15 July, 1881, Pejačević was given the task to perform it. On 1 August 1881, he took over the administration of the former Frontiers. On 24 August 1883, he quit after the Council of ministers in Vienna concluded that bilingual Croatian-Hungarian official emblems in Croatia, installed by the Hungarian administration, should stay and were not allowed to be removed from the official buildings. | ||||
Hermann Ramberg (1820–1899) |
1883 |
1883 | ||
Dragutin Karoly Khuen-Héderváry (1849–1918) |
1883 |
1903 | ||
Khuen's reign was marked by a strong magyarization. After a series of riots broke out against him in 1903, Khuen was relieved of his duty and appointed prime minister of Hungary. | ||||
Teodor Pejačević (1855–1928) |
1903 |
1907 | ||
At the beginning of the 20th century, he was faced with a new direction of Croatian policy marked by political alliance between Croats and Serbs in Austria-Hungary for mutual benefit. A Croat-Serb Coalition was formed in 1905 and it governed the Croatian lands from 1906 until the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy in 1918. As Pejačević supported the ruling Coalition in its resistance towards the Hungarian quest in 1907 to introduce the Hungarian language to be the official language on railways in Croatia, he was forced to resign. | ||||
Aleksandar Rakodczaj (1848–1924) |
1907 |
1908 | ||
Pavao Rauch of Nyek (1865–1933) |
1908 |
1910 | ||
From the very beginning of Rauch’s rule, the Croato-Serbian Coalition announced that it would refuse to co-operate in any manner with the new unionist vice-roy.[15] After the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) had been disbanded on 12 March 1908 because of its refusal to co-operate with and the insults it directed at the Vice-Roy, Pavao Rauch ruled through decrees and civil servants. Despite all opposition predictions, Rauch remained in power for two years. On 5 February 1910, he received the King’s letter of dismissal. | ||||
Nikola Tomašić (1864–1918) |
1910 |
1912 | ||
Slavko Cuvaj (1851–1931) |
acting from 5 April 1912 |
1913 | ||
He was appointed in January 1912, when anti-Habsburg sentiments were on the rise in Croatia, often manifesting in sympathies for Serbia and calls for creation of Yugoslavia. Cuvaj tried to curb those trends by series of decrees directed at curbing press freedom, limiting rights of assembly and local autonomy. This created backlash in the form of strikes and demonstrations, while some young radicals engaged in terrorism. Cuvaj himself was target of two assassination attempts in 1912 | ||||
Ivan Skerlecz (1873–1951) |
acting to 27 November 1913 |
1917 | ||
Skerlecz managed to reconvene the Croatian Parliament in Zagreb by 1915. The Croats made further demands for local authority, as well as unification of Croatia-Slavonia with Dalmatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. | (1916–1919) | |||
Antun Mihalović (1868–1949) |
1917 |
1919 | ||
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Ban was also the title of the governor of each province (called banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. The weight of the title was far less than that of a medieval ban's feudal office. Most of Croatian territory was divided between Sava and Littoral Banovina, but also some parts were outside this provinces.
In 1939 Banovina of Croatia was created with Cvetković-Maček agreement as a unit of limited autonomy. It consisted of Sava and Littoral Banovina along with smaller parts of Vrbas, Zeta, Drina and Danube Banovina's. Ivan Šubašić was appointed for the Ban of Banovina of Croatia until the collapse of Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941. Šubašić was also the last person who held the position of Croatian Ban.
Bans in the Yugoslav Kingdom
Following a brief period of self-rule at the end of World War I, Croatia was incorporated into the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918, under the Karađorđević dynasty.
Ivan Paleček | January 20, 1919 - November 24, 1919 | |
Tomislav Tomljenović | November 24, 1919 - February 22, 1920 | |
Matko Laginja | February 22, 1920 - December 11, 1920 | (born 1852, died 1930) |
Teodor Bošnjak | December 23, 1920 - March 2, 1921 | acting Ban |
Tomislav Tomljenović | March 2, 1921 - July 3, 1921 |
In 1929, the new Constitution of the Kingdom renamed it Kingdom of Yugoslavia and split up Croatia between several banovinas (provinces):
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In 1939, the Banovina of Croatia was created with Cvetković-Maček agreement as a unit of limited autonomy within Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It consisted of Sava and Littoral Banovina along with smaller parts of Vrbas, Zeta, Drina and Danube Banovina's.
Ivan Šubašić | August 26, 1939 - April 10, 1941 | (born May 7, 1892, died March 22, 1955) |
See also
- Croatian Parliament
- List of rulers of Croatia
- History of Croatia
- Timeline of Croatian history
- Tabula Banalis
References
- ↑ De Administrando Imperio 30/90-117, "καὶ ὁ βοάνος αὐτῶν κρατεῖ τὴν Κρίβασαν, τὴν Λίτζαν καὶ τὴν Γουτζησκά"
- ↑ Pribina | Proleksis enciklopedija
- ↑ hr:s:Povijest Hrvatske I. (R. Horvat)/Nasljednici kralja Tomislava
- ↑ Comperimus namque in gestis proaui nosti Cresimiri maioris... Stipišić, J. i M. Šamšalović, ur. Codex Diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, sv. 1. Zagreb: Izdavački zavod JAZU, 1967., pp. 105.
- ↑ Rački, Documenta, 472.
- ↑ Comperimus namque in gestis proaui nosti Cresimiri maioris... Stipišić, J. i M. Šamšalović, ur. Codex Diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, sv. 1. Zagreb: Izdavački zavod JAZU, 1967, pp. 105.
- ↑ R. Horvat - Povijest Hrvatske I.
- ↑ Tomislav Raukar, Hrvatsko srednjovjekovlje, Školska Knjiga, Zagreb, 1997 pp. 47-48
- ↑ http://arhinet.arhiv.hr/_DigitalniArhiv/Monumenta/HR-HDA-876-5.htm
- ↑ John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 279
- ↑ Neven Budak: Prva stoljeća Hrvatske, Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb 1994, p. 31-33
- ↑ http://www.encarta.com.au/encyclopedia_761577939_6/Croatia.html
- ↑ Sirotković, Hodimir; Margetić, Lujo (1988). Povijest država i prava naroda SFR Jugoslavije (in Croatian). Školska knjiga. p. 148. ISBN 9788603991802.
- ↑ "Mažuranić, Ivan". Proleksis Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
- ↑ Mira Kolar: "The Activities of Vice-Roy Pavao Rauch In Croatia"
External links
- "Bans of Croatia and Dalmatia (style Ban Hrvatske i Dalmacije)" at World Statesmen.org