Battle at Brůdek

Coordinates: 49°29′13″N 12°44′17″E / 49.487°N 12.738°E / 49.487; 12.738

Battle at Brůdek

Miniature illustration of the battle from the Chronicle of Dalimil (14th century)
Date22/23 August 1040
LocationUpper Palatine Forest
Result Bohemian victory
Belligerents
Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia
Kingdom of Hungary
Commanders and leaders
Henry III
  Otto of Schweinfurt
  Werner of Maden  †		 Břetislav I
Casualties and losses
heavy unknown

The Battle at Brůdek (Czech Bitva u Brůdku; German Schlacht bei Stokau, Schlacht bei Biwanka[1]) was a battle fought between Henry III, King of the Romans, and Břetislav I, Duke of Bohemia, on 22/23 August 1040. The battle took place in the Upper Palatine Forest in what is now the Domažlice District of Plzeň Region, Czech Republic.[2]

Břetislav was leading a campaign against Poland in 1039, and after he conquered Gniezno, he removed the relics of Adalbert of Prague to Prague, intended as a move to establish a separate archbishopric there, in order to secede from the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Mainz. Archbishop Bardo complained about this to Henry, who was already unhappy with Břetislav's war against Poland, as both Bohemia and Poland were nominally vassals of the empire. Břetislav agreed to send his son Spytihněv as a hostage to the court of the king, however because he refused the payment of a tribute requested by Henry, the king moved against Bohemia with two armies.

Břetislav had won a respite by offering his son as hostage, which he used to gain the support of Peter, King of Hungary, who sent 3,000 support troops. Břetislav also fortified the passes of the Bohemian Forest and intended to ambush Henry, who was anticipating the attack and moved in several detachments. When Henry located the intended ambush, he sent a vanguard of 1,000 men into a side valley of the Chamb in order to enclose the enemy. This vanguard, led by Werner I of Maden, count of Winterthur, the bearer of the imperial banner, was caught up in the prepared sconces and almost completely destroyed. Henry's second wing, led by margrave Otto of Schweinfurt, was forced to retreat with heavy losses the following day.

Henry was forced to retreat, and sent Gunther of Bohemia with orders to Eckard II, Margrave of Meissen, who was leading a Saxon force invading Bohemia from the north, to do likewise. Eckard negotiated a retreat some two weeks after.

Henry requested a truce, but was answered with the demand for unconditional surrender, so the king planned a second campaign for the following year. This turned out to be more successful, Henry succeded to meet with the Saxon forces before Prague on 8 September and Břetislav was forced to surrender on 29 September 1041.

An inscription found in the church at Valtířov, Nový Kramolín mentions Henry III as founder of Stockau Abbey in 1041. A legend of the 18th century connects the name of Stockau to a tree stump (Stock) on which the king supposedly rested during the battle. The altar of the abbey's church was supposed to correspond to the location of this tree stump. The chapel of St. Wenceslas in Brůdek, Všeruby municipality is said to have been built by Břetislav in 1047 to commemorate the battle.[3] The original wooden building was replaced in the 14th century, and again rebuilt during 1669–71 (restored 1878–90).

References

  1. ↑ Stokau, also Stockau, Stokow is the German name of the village called Pivoň in Czech. Biwanka or Piwonka are German spellings of Czech Pivoňka, now the name of a minor river rising near Pivoň, a tributary of Černý potok, in turn a tributary of Radbuza. Ignác Cornova, Briefe an einen kleinen Liebhaber der Vaterländischen Geschichte: Geschichte Böhmens unter dem Pržemislischen Herrscherstamm (1796), p. 68.
  2. ↑ the site associated with the battle in Czech tradition, Brůdek in Všeruby (Domažlice District) municipality, at Všerubský průsmyk (Neumarker Pass), is some 20 km to the east-southeast of Stockau (Pivoň, Mnichov municipality) given as the site in 18th-century German tradition. As this was not a single field battle but a series of clashes between separate contingents of the two armies taking place over the span of two days, the two locations are not mutually exclusive.
  3. ↑ Josef František, Jaroslav Schaller, Topographie des Königreichs Böhmen vol. 12 (1789), p. 80.
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