Battle of Omdurman

Not to be confused with 2008 attack on Omdurman and Khartoum.
Battle of Omdurman
Part of the Mahdist War
(War of the Sudan)

"The charge of the 21st Lancers" by Edward Matthew Hale.
Date2 September 1898
LocationOmdurman, Khartoum, Sudan
Result Decisive British-Egyptian Victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom United Kingdom
Egypt Egypt		 Sudan
Commanders and leaders
Sir Herbert Kitchener Abdullah al-Taashi
Strength
8,200 British,
17,600 Sudanese and Egyptian soldiers		 52,000 warriors
Casualties and losses
47 dead[1]
382 wounded		 12,000 killed[1]
13,000 wounded
5,000 captured

At the Battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898), an army commanded by the British General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the army of Abdullah al-Taashi, the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. Kitchener was seeking revenge for the 1885 death of General Gordon.[2] It was a demonstration of the superiority of a highly disciplined army equipped with modern rifles, machine guns, and artillery over a force twice their size armed with older weapons, and marked the success of British efforts to re-conquer the Sudan. However, it was not until the 1899 Battle of Umm Diwaykarat that the final Mahdist forces were defeated.

Omdurman is today a suburb of Khartoum in central Sudan, with a population of some 1.5 million. The village of Omdurman was chosen in 1884 as the base of operations by the Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. After his death in 1885, following the successful siege of Khartoum, his successor (Khalifa) Abdullah retained it as his capital.

Battle account

The battle took place at Kerreri, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north of Omdurman. Kitchener commanded a force of 8,000 British regulars and a mixed force of 17,000 Sudanese and Egyptian troops. He arrayed his force in an arc around the village of Egeiga, close to the bank of the Nile, where a twelve gunboat flotilla waited in support,[2] facing a wide, flat plain with hills rising to the left and right. The British and Egyptian cavalry were placed on either flank.

Abdullah's followers, known as Ansar and sometimes referred to as Dervishes, numbered around 50,000,[1] including some 3,000 cavalry. They were split into five groups—a force of 8,000 under Osman Azrak was arrayed directly opposite the British, in a shallow arc along a mile (1.6 km) of a low ridge leading onto the plain, and the other Mahdist forces were initially concealed from Kitchener's force. Abdullah al-Taashi[1] and 17,000 men were concealed behind the Surgham Hills to the west and rear of Osman Azrak's force, with 20,000 more positioned to the north-west, close to the front behind the Kerreri hills, commanded by Ali-Wad-Helu and Sheikh ed-Din. A final force of around 8,000 was gathered on the slope on the right flank of Azrak's force.

The battle began in the early morning, at around 6:00 a.m. After the clashes of the previous day, the 8,000 men under Osman Azrak advanced straight at the waiting British, quickly followed by about 8,000 of those waiting to the northwest, a mixed force of rifle and spear-men. The 52 quick firing guns of the British artillery opened fire at around 2,750 metres (1.71 mi),[3] inflicting severe casualties on the Mahdist forces before they even came within range of the Maxim guns and volley fire. The frontal attack ended quickly, with around 4,000 Mahdist casualties; none of the attackers got closer than 50 m to the British trenches. A flanking move from the Ansar right was also checked, and there were bloody clashes on the opposite flank that scattered the Mahdist forces there.

The Battle of Omdurman, 1898, from the Purton Museum, England. This illustration depicts the British wearing the red home service uniforms to identify the different regiments involved. The regiments in the picture have a number printed with them and a key at the bottom to identify them. The red uniforms had in fact been superseded by khaki for active service in India and Egypt since the early 1880s.

Kitchener was anxious to occupy Omdurman before the remaining Mahdist forces could withdraw there. He advanced his army on the city, arranging them in separate columns for the attack. The British light cavalry regiment, the 21st Lancers, was sent ahead to clear the plain to Omdurman. They had a tough time of it. The 400-strong regiment attacked what they thought were only a few hundred dervishes, but in fact there were 2,500 infantry hidden behind them in a depression. After a fierce clash, the Lancers drove them back (resulting in three Victoria Crosses being awarded to Lancers who helped rescue wounded comrades).[4] One of the participants of this fight was Lieutenant Winston Churchill.[4] On a larger scale, the British advance allowed the Khalifa to re-organize his forces. He still had over 30,000 men in the field and directed his main reserve to attack from the west while ordering the forces to the northwest to attack simultaneously over the Kerreri Hills.

Kitchener's force wheeled left in echelon to advance up Surgham ridge and then southwards. To protect the rear, a brigade of 3,000 mainly Sudanese, commanded by Hector MacDonald, was reinforced with Maxims and artillery and followed the main force at around 1,350 metres (0.84 mi). Curiously, the supplies and wounded around Egeiga were left almost unprotected.

MacDonald was alerted to the presence of around 15,000 enemy troops moving towards him from the west, out from behind Surgham. He wheeled his force and lined them up to face the enemy charge. The Mahdist infantry attacked in two prongs, Lewis's Egyptian Brigade managed to hold its own[3] but MacDonald was forced to repeatedly re-order his battalions. The brigade maintained a punishing fire. Kitchener, now aware of the problem, "began to throw his brigades about as if they were companies".[5] MacDonald's brigade was soon reinforced with flank support and more Maxim guns and the Mahdist forces were forced back; they finally broke and fled or died where they stood. The Mahdist forces to the north had regrouped too late and entered the clash only after the force in the central valley had been routed. They pressed Macdonald's Sudanese brigades hard, but Wauchope's brigade with the Lincolnshire Regiment was quickly brought up and with sustained section volleys repulsed the advance. A final desperate cavalry charge of around 500 horsemen was utterly destroyed. The march on Omdurman was resumed at about 11:30.

Awards

4 awards were made of the Victoria Cross, all for Gallantry shown on 2 September 1898.

Queen's Sudan Medal, awarded British and Egyptian forces which took part in the Sudan campaign between 1896 and 1898.

Aftermath

Around 10,000 Mahdists were killed, 13,000 wounded and 5,000 taken prisoner. Kitchener's force lost 47 men killed and 382 wounded, the majority from MacDonald's command. One eye-witness described the appalling scene:

They could never get near and they refused to hold back. ... It was not a battle but an execution. ... The bodies were not in heaps—bodies hardly ever are; but they spread evenly over acres and acres. Some lay very composedly with their slippers placed under their heads for a last pillow; some knelt, cut short in the middle of a last prayer. Others were torn to pieces ...[6]

The battle was the first time that the Mark IV hollow point bullet, made in the arsenal in Dum Dum was used in a major battle. It was an expanding bullet and the units that used it considered it a great success.[7]

Controversy over wounded Mahdists killed after the battle began soon afterwards.[8] The debate was ignited by a highly critical article published by Ernest Bennett (present at the battle as a journalist) in the Contemporary Review, which evoked a fierce riposte and defense of Kitchener by Bennet Burleigh (another journalist also present at the battle).[9] Winston Churchill privately agreed with Bennett that Kitchener was too brutal in his killing of the wounded.[10] This opinion was reflected in his own account of the battle when it was first published in 1899.[11] However, mindful of the effect that patriotic public opinion could have on his political career, Churchill significantly moderated criticism of Kitchener in his book's second edition in 1902.

The Khalifa escaped and survived until 1899, when he was killed in the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat.

Several days after the battle, Kitchener was sent to Fashoda, due to the developing Fashoda Incident.

Kitchener was ennobled as a baron, Kitchener of Khartoum, for his victory. Four Victoria Crosses were awarded, three to members of the 21st Lancers, as a result of this action: 2nd Lieutenant Raymond H.L.J. De Montmorency, Captain Paul A. Kenna, Private Thomas Byrne and one to Captain Nevill Smyth of the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays).[12]

Winston Churchill was present at the battle and he rode with the 21st Lancers. He published his account of the battle in 1899 as "The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan". Present as a war correspondent for The Times was Colonel Frank Rhodes, brother of Cecil, who was shot and severely wounded in the right arm. For his services during that battle he was restored to the army active list.

The Battle of Omdurman has also lent its name to many streets in British and Commonwealth cities, for example 'Omdurman Road' in Southampton and 'Omdurman Street' in Freshwater, Sydney, Australia.

Fictional accounts

The 1939 film adaptation of the novel The Four Feathers is set in the time of this battle, and covers other aspects of the Sudan Campaign.

The 2008 novel After Omdurman by John Ferry is partly set during the 1898 re-conquest of the Sudan, with the book's lead character, Evelyn Winters, playing a peripheral role in the Battle of Omdurman.

In the British television sitcom Dad's Army, the character of Corporal Jones often refers to the days he spent serving under General Kitchener at the Battle of Omdurman. In the episode called The Two and a Half Feathers there is an extended flashback to the days directly before the battle, narrated by Jones.

The 1972 film Young Winston includes a depiction of the initial Anglo-Egyptian artillery bombardment at the start of the battle as well as a recreation of the charge of the 21st Lancers.

The 2009 novel The Devil's Paintbrush by Jake Arnott involves a retelling of the life of Hector MacDonald, and includes the battle and Kitchener's railway-building drive through Sudan.

"The Charge of the 21st Lancers at Omdurman", by Richard C. Woodville

The 2005 novel "The Triumph of the Sun" by Wilbur Smith depicts the siege of Khartoum and the Battle of Omdurman with mixture of historical and fictional characters

The novel "With Kitchener in the Soudan" by G.A. Henty. The story of the British military expedition and the destruction of the Mahdi's followers during the Mahdist War (1881–1899). It was first published in 1903.

In art

The subject of the battle made its appearance in several oil paintings exhibited in Britain at the time. In particular, the charge of the 21st Lancers held special appeal and several artists portrayed the scene including Stanley Berkeley, Robert Alexander Hillingford, Richard Caton Woodville, William Barnes Wollen, Gilbert S. Wright, Edward Mathew Hale, Capt. Adrian Jones, Major John C. Mathews, and Allan Stewart.[13] The pictorial press covered the campaign extensively and employed several artists to record the events.[14]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Sudanese honour warriors who fell fighting British". Sudan Tribune. 3 September 2005.
  2. 1 2 "This Sceptred Isle, Battle of Omdurman 1898, Episode 68". BBC.
  3. 1 2 "Omdurman 1898". Obscure Battles.
  4. 1 2 "Charge of the 21st Lancers at Omdurman, 2 September 1898.". Army Museum.
  5. ↑ Winston S. Churchill The Battle of Omdurman, 1898
  6. ↑ Ellis, John (1981) [1975]. The Social History of the Machine Gun. New York, NY: Arno Press. p. 86.
  7. ↑ "Dum Dums".
  8. ↑ Treatment of wounded at Omdurman Hansard
  9. ↑ "After Omdurman", E. N. Bennett, Contemporary Review, Vol. 75, 1899. Bennett subsequently published a book on the battle, The Downfall of the Dervishes, E.N. Bennett, Methuen, London, 1899.
  10. ↑ Winston S. Churchill, Randolph S. Churchill, Companion Volume 1, Part 2, Heinemann, 1967, page 1004.
  11. ↑ The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan, Churchill
  12. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27023. p. 6688. 1898-11-15. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  13. ↑ Harrington, Peter (1993). British Artists and War: The Face of Battle in Paintings and Prints, 1700–1914. London: Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-157-6
  14. ↑ Harrington, Peter, "Images and Perceptions: Visualising the Sudan Campaign," in Edward M. Spiers (ed.), Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised. London: Frank Cass, 1998, pp. 82–101. ISBN 0-7146-4749-7.

Further reading

External links

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Coordinates: 15°45′07″N 32°31′12″E / 15.75194°N 32.52000°E / 15.75194; 32.52000

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