Birim River

For the Birim river in New Guinea, see Birim River (New Guinea).

Coordinates: 5°59′30″N 0°50′0″W / 5.99167°N 0.83333°W / 5.99167; -0.83333

Pra River and major tributaries, including the Birim

The Birim River is one of the main tributaries of the Pra River in Ghana and the country's most important diamond-producing area, flowing through most of the width of the Eastern region. The river rises in the east of the Atewa Range, flows north through the gap between this range and the Kwahu Plateau, then runs roughly south-west until it joins the Pra. It gives its name to the Birimian rock formation, which yields most of the gold in the region. Ghana is the second largest producer of gold in Africa.[1]

Geology

The Birim River basin lies in the Man Shield area of the West African craton, which has been overlaid by Early Proterozoic metasedimentary Birimian rocks. These rocks appear to have originated in mid-oceanic arcs of volcanoes, which formed a crust that collided with and rode over the Man shield portion of the West African Craton and was compressed to form a series of folds generally trending northeasterly.[2] The Birimian rocks include Akwatian formations, named after the town of Akwatia in the Birim valley, which have yielded more than 100,000,000 carats (20,000 kg) of diamonds.[3] The great majority of the diamonds are found in Harzburgitic rocks and seem to have crystallized at unusually high temperatures and pressures deep in the lithosphere.[4]

Environment

The river rises in the Kibi or Akim district of the Eastern Region of Ghana, in the Atewa Range, which rises to 780m. The surrounding lowlands are about 180-200m above sea level. Much of the Atewa range is a forest reserve, with large areas of primary forest holding many rare plant, animal and insect species despite persistent timber poaching. There are many unstudied archeological sites. The Kibi area has 1500–2000mm of rain annually.[5]

The Birim basin is in the wet semi-equatorial zone of Ghana. There are two rainy seasons, one from May to June and the second from September to October. In the drier seasons, temperatures are around 26 °C in August and 30 °C in March. Relative humidity is 70% - 80% throughout the year.[6] At one time covered by dense tropical forest, large areas have been cleared for farming. Ghana's forest area dropped from 8.2 million hectares around 1900 to 1.6 million hectares by 2000, and continues to decline due to demand for exports and for construction material by the growing population. Managed plantations are being introduced and may help to reverse the decline.[7]

The river water contains levels of faecal coliforms and streptococci, mostly of human origin but in some cases due to pollution from livestock operations, that make it unsafe to drink without treatment.[8] Below Akwatia the river holds high levels of silt from the mining operations.[9]

Mineral Wealth

The Birim basin is rich in minerals and has been a source of gold for centuries, the basis for the former name of Ghana: the Gold Coast. It is also a major source of diamonds.

Gold

Gold mask from the treasure of the Ashanti king Kofi Kolkalli

The Birim river gravels hold gold which has long been extracted through panning or Placer mining, used in making ornaments and for trans-Saharan trade long before the Europeans discovered the Gold Coast.[10] Starting in the late 19th century, British gold mining companies adopted conventional mining and extraction processes, developing deep underground mines in the underlying Ashanti belt. After independence in 1957 the government nationalized the gold mining industry. With inadequate investment, the mines deteriorated and profitability fell. However, after privatization in 1992 the new owners injected capital, mostly into the Ashanti belt mines, discovering new world-class deposits. The Ashanti Belt now has an aggregated gold endowment of over 125,000,000 ounces of gold.[11]

Diamonds

Ghana has produced gems from alluvial gravels since the 1920s, mostly industrial grade. In the early 1990s the government announced plans to privatize its diamond-mining operations but found no buyers. The government still owns Ghana Consolidated Diamonds, since 2005 the only formal commercial producer of diamonds.[12] Ghana Consolidated Diamonds uses a strip and mine method at their placer mine in Akwatia, using Manitowoc draglines. The plant is old and obsolescent, available only 38% of the time and producing under capacity. The government is looking for a strategic investor to take over the mine.[13]

In 1989 the government of Ghana set up the Precious Minerals Marketing Corporation (PMMC) to promote small-scale gold and diamond mining and to purchase and resell the output. As much as 70% of the diamonds were smuggled out of the country before the PMMC was created. In its first sixteen months of operation, the PMMC bought 382,423 carats (76.4846 kg) of diamonds and 20,365 ounces of gold and sold 230,000 carats (46 kg) of diamonds worth US$8 million. However, because of complaints over raw gem sales, the government in March 1992 ordered an investigation into the operations of the state agency and suspended its managing director.[12]

In the 1950s and 1960s the Akwatia area of the Birim valley produced more than 2,000,000 carats (400 kg) annually. However, both volumes and quality are declining. Ghana produced a total of about 800,000 carats (160 kg) of diamonds in 1995, about half of it from Akwatia.[14] The available reserves cover an area of 240 km2 along the Birim River and are estimated to contain 14,000,000 carats (2,800 kg) of proven reserve.[13] Although the Akwatia deposits are nearly depleted, large additional resources have been identified in the nearby Birim River deposits, including an altered meta-lamproite that may represent a primary diamond source.[15]

Most of the diamond production in the Birim basin is now by artisanal miners from alluvial and in situ diamond deposits near Akwatia. There is some evidence that production volumes from these small-scale operations are increasing.[16]

Bauxite

The Atewa Range at the headwaters of the river contains extensive bauxite deposits with minor kaolin occurrences, which are being evaluated by groups such as BHP Billiton. However, the bauxite deposits are generally poor quality compared to larger deposits of higher-quality bauxite in nearby Guinea and are in an environmentally sensitive area, so are unlikely to be developed.[5]

Farming

Palm oil production in Jukwa, Ghana

The fertile soil and warm, humid climate of the Birim basin support staple food crops such as cassava, yam, cocoyam, maize, rice and vegetables, and commercially more valuable crops such as citrus, pineapple, pawpaw and cola nut. The region also produces exotic crops such as black and sweet pepper, ginger, cashew nuts, rubber and mangoes, which are gaining importance as export commodities.[6] Cocoa farming is one of the more important sources of income, with the dried product exported for further processing. Palm oil production is also increasing, with byproducts used for making soap locally. Bamboo is another important crop. The fast-growing plant provides inexpensive material for construction and in furniture making.[17]

Tourism

The government is attempting to develop the tourist potential of the region. The Atewa Range forest reserve is managed by the Okyeman Environment Foundation, which has restricted people from farming in the area and instead is trying to encourage eco-tourism.[18] The Birim South District has attractive scenery, waterfalls, historic places and nine forest reserves. The Ghana Tourist Development Board, in collaboration with the District Assembly and Traditional Authorities has developed a Business Plan for developing the "Big Tree" site in the Esen Epan Forest Reserve near Akim Oda as a tourist site, in cooperation with the private sector. This site has the biggest tree in West Africa at 12 meters in circumference and 66.5 meters tall. Working with the University of Georgia, plans are being made to improve the access roads, eating and relaxation places, souvenirs and shops.[19]

In the town of Akyem (Akim) Oda, the capital of the Birim South District, attractions include dug-out boat tours to view the mining operations, traditional ceremonies usually including impressive drumming performances and a bustling outdoor market.[17] The exotic and tasty local food may also be an important attraction.[20]

References

  1. ↑ "AFRICA GEOLOGICALLY UNDER EXPOSED". Mining Review Africa. 2004. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
  2. ↑ André Pouclet; Siaka Doumbia; Max Vidal (March 2006). "Geodynamic setting of the Birimian volcanism in central Ivory Coast (western Africa) and its place in the Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the Man Shield". Societe Geologique de France. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
  3. ↑ "THE AKWATIA DIAMOND FIELD, GHANA, WEST AFRICA: SOURCE ROCKS". Geological Society of America. September 2003. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  4. ↑ T. Stachel & Jeffrey W. Harris (1997-05-28). "Syngenetic inclusions in diamond from the Birim field (Ghana) – a deep peridotitic profile with a history of depletion and re-enrichment". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. 127: 336–352. doi:10.1007/s004100050284. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  5. 1 2 "Goldenrae Evaluation For XTRA-GOLD RESOURCES CORP". SEC Info. 2007-03-26. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  6. 1 2 "Eastern Region". Maks Publications & Media Services. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  7. ↑ "Forest Plantation Development Workshop held at Oda". The Ghanaian Journal. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  8. ↑ Ampofo J.A. (1997-06-01). "A survey of microbial pollution of rural domestic water supply in Ghana". International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 7 (2): 121–130. doi:10.1080/09603129773913. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  9. ↑ Adu-Asare, R. Y (2002-01-01). "Dangers of Diamond Mining in Ghana". GhanaHomePage. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  10. ↑ Patrick J. Munson (1980). "Archaeology and the Prehistoric Origins of the Ghana Empire". Journal of African History, 21: 457–466.
  11. ↑ "Ashanti Gold Belt". Volta Resources Inc. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  12. 1 2 La Verle Berry. "Ghana: Diamonds". U.S. Department of the Army. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  13. 1 2 "GEOLOGY AND MINERAL DEPOSITS". Minerals Commission of Ghana. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  14. ↑ "World Diamond Production Increases In '95". Reed Elsevier Inc. 1996-01-10. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  15. ↑ Kogel, Edited by Jessica Elzea (2006). Industrial minerals & rocks : commodities, markets, and uses. Littleton, Colo.: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. ISBN 0-87335-233-5.
  16. ↑ Omayra Bermúdez-Lugo (August 2007). "The Mineral Industry of Ghana" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  17. 1 2 "Old Town, Akim Oda". University of Georgia. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  18. ↑ "Eco - Fest Foundation at Atewa Range". Biodiversity Reporting Award. June 2001. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  19. ↑ "Upper West » Birim Central Municipal - Tourism Attractions". Maks Publications & Media Services. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  20. ↑ "Local food festival ends at Akyem". The Ghanaian Journal. 2007-04-10. Retrieved 2009-03-21.

External links

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