Black Bob (Shawnee chief)

Black Bob (Shawnee: Wa-wah-che-pa-e-hai or Wa-wah-che-pa-e-kar)[1] (d. 1862 or 1864) was a Native American Shawnee Chief. His band was a part of the Hathawekela division of the Shawnee.[2] He was known for being one of the last Shawnee to resist leaving for the Indian Territory, and for keeping his band together until his death, holding their lands in common, as they moved between Missouri, Arkansas, and the Black Bob Reservation in Kansas.

Biography and family

Black Bob was half Miami and half Shawnee. His father was killed at age 72, in 1860. After Black Bob's death, his widow lived east of Olathe, Kansas. He had relatives "among the Blackfeather people."[3]

The Blackfeather Farm, in Overland Park, Kansas still exists as of 2013. "The original land patent [of the Blackfeather Farm] was awarded to To Wah Pea and her heirs on March 13, 1885. This site was part of the tract belonging to the Black Bob band. Joseph and Johnson Blackfeather were some of the heirs, hence the Blackfeather name associated with this land ... Settlers moved onto the land as soon as the war was over, and disputes over the land continued for 20 years."[4]

History of the Black Bob Band (Skipakákamithagî’) and the Black Bob Reservation

Black Bob and his Hathawekela band, the Cape Girardeau Shawnee, lived on land controlled by Spain "in eastern Missouri on land granted to them about 1793 by Baron Carondelet, near Cape Girardeau." In 1808, Chief Black Bob and his band "refused to remove with the rest of the tribe to Indian Territory."[2]

The Cape Girardeau band believed that government commissioners had misled them about the 1825 treaty and argued that they had never agreed to allow any Ohio Shawnees to settle on the western lands. As a result, a portion of the Shawnees under the leadership of Black Bob did not move to eastern Kansas and instead settled along the White River in Arkansas. Meanwhile, the Rogerstown and Fish bands traveled directly to eastern Kansas, where successive parties of Ohio Shawnees joined them over the next several years. A more complete reunion in 1833 occurred only through intimidation. Black Bob's band still had no desire to move to the Kansas River."[5][6] On Oct. 26, 1831, "General William Clark at Castor Hill in St. Louis County, Missouri, signed a treaty with representatives of the Delaware then in Kansas and the Cape Girardeau Shawnee (the Black Bob band) then in Arkansas, giving up all claim to the Cape Girardeau grant."[6]

The Black Bob band had written directly to President Andrew Jackson, noting that "For the last forty years we have resided in Upper Louisiana," (which was now called Missouri), "peaceably following our usual occupations for the support of our families" ... explaining that the Shawnee lands in Kansas had "climate colder than we have been accustomed to, or wish to live in," and they would be "surrounded by people strangers to us." However, in 1833, this petition was denied.[7]

Eventually, Black Bob's band "removed to the area of Kansas". In an 1854 treaty with Black Bob, "the United States gave them rights to land on the Shawnee Reservation in that state."[2] The reservation became home to "2,183 Shawnees [from a variety of different bands] ... between 1825 and 1834. This 1.6 million-acre reservation stretched from the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers west toward present-day Topeka.[8]

Map of the Big Blue River and Tomahawk Creek area, in Johnson County, Kansas

The Black Bob Reservation (or Black Bob Reserve) was located in the southeastern part of Johnson County, Kansas, "at the sources of the Blue and Tomahawk creeks, lying in Oxford, Spring Hill, Aubry and Olathe townships,"[9] on 33,000 acres "in the Tomahawk Creek area near the current intersection of 119th and Black Bob [Road]."[10]

The Black Bob Band became known as Skipakákamithagî’ in the Shawnee language, "blue water Indians"; because they lived on the Big Blue River. Black Bob’s band lived East of Olathe County ... He kept the band together until his death, but 1867 the speculators induced the Indians to get their land in severalty. 1857 there was 136 Black Bob Indians.[3]

During the years of the Civil War, Shawnees from the Absentee-Shawnee and other bands fled to the 33,000 acre Black Bob Reservation as refugees.[5]

A "record of land selections made by members of Black Bob's Band of Shawnee" can be found in the James Burnett Abbott Collection of the Kansas Historical Society.[11][12]

The tribe held its lands in common until 1866, and "continued to live as had been their custom, making but little progress and spending most of their time in visiting other tribes and hunting, until the breaking out of the [Civil] war. Then, on account of the losses and sufferings to which they were subjected from bushwhackers on one hand, and Kansas thieves on the other, they left their homes and went to the Indian Territory in a body. There they remained until peace was proclaimed, when about one hundred returned to dispose of their lands."[9]

Tribal members petitioned the US Government in the 1870s to "keep their land intact," noting that since the war, the band had been "composed largely of women and children.” They also said that it is not their choice to divide their land, but “is an alternative urged on them by speculators who care nothing for our people, only so far as they can use us for selfish purposes.”[13] However, these petitions were not successful, the lands were sold to speculators. "The Black Bob Shawnee were expelled from their land ... and moved to Northeastern Oklahoma."[13] There they joined the Absentee-Shawnee, "and claimed acreage assigned the Potawatomi."[14]

Another account states:

The border troubles before and during the Civil War made it impossible for these Shawnees to remain on their land, and they went to the Indian Territory. Squatters took possession of the vacated lands. For a quarter of a century there was no settlement of the matter. Speculators and grafters flourished at the expense of the Indians. The matter was a standing scandal, settled finally by Congress and the Courts, and greatly to the disadvantage of the Black-Bob Shawnee.[15][16]

A corroborating account which provides more specifics, states:

The Indians to whom the reservation belonged abandoned it near the beginning of the war. As it was most excellent land--fertile soil, well watered and timbered--settlers rushed in at the close of the war and soon every quarter-section of it was occupied by a claimant. This was in the years of 1865 and 1866. About the same time, certain other parties, not actual settlers on the lands, among whom were Gen. James G. Blunt, J. C. Irvin and Judge Pendery, conceived the design of buying up a portion of this land for the purposes of speculation. This was in October, 1867 ...

One author asserts that "Following his term as Indian Agent, Abbott teamed with land speculator H.L. Taylor to acquire some of the Black Bob land holdings. The two then illegally sold portions of their land to new settlers," and refers to a local school assignment titled, "Who Gets the Land?: Competing Visions of Abbott, Bluejacket and Black Bob."[17][18] "They attempted to sell their lands, but were interfered with by white squatters who claimed the first right to purchase. Matters were tied up in this shape until this act [of Congress] of Mar. 3, 1879."[19]

The squatters on the Black Bob Reservation remained a topic of discussion as late as 1890 in The Indian Chieftain newspaper, published in Vinita, Oklahoma.

BLACK BOB SQUATTERS. A Bill Filed in the Circuit Court to Have Them Ejected. Topeka. Kan. Nov. 15. The United States District Attorney of Kansas, under Instructions from Attorney-General Miller, has just filed a bill in equity in the Circuit Court of the United States at Topeka, on behalf of the Black Bob band of Shawnee Indians sad ajrsinsfc the settlers who have squatted on the Black Bob reservation in Johnson County and the speculators who hold unapproved deeds from the Indians. The bill alleges that the deeds of the speculators were obtained by fraud and demands that they be canceled. The bill prays that the settlers be ejected and that they be held to account to the Indians for the rents and profits of the land for the last twenty years. This suit involves about 39,000 acres of the best land in Johnson County, which have been occupied by squatters ever since the Indians were driven off by Quantrell and his men in 1861.

The settlers have absolutely no title save the possession, which they have been well satisfied to enjoy without any liability to pay taxes. Great excitement prevails among the people on the reservation over the prospects cf being ejected, losing the improvements which they have placed there, and belay, mulcted for rents and profits besides. They have employed attorneys, and will make a bitter fight. The speculators who hold unapproved deeds have never been in possession, having been kept out by the squatters. Might has been right on the reservation for a long time, and for years it has furnished tho courts of Johnson County the largest proportion of their criminal business. The local attorney appointed by Attorney-General Miller to look after the interests of the Indians say: that every prayer of the bill will be insisted upon.[20]

Legacy

The Black Bob Band became one of the predecessors to today's Shawnee Tribe.[21]

During the Civil War many of the Shawnee Tribe fought for the Union, which inspired the name, "Loyal Shawnee." Instead of receiving compensation or honors for their service, they returned to their Kansas lands, only to find much of it taken over by non-Indian homesteaders. Settlers were granted 130,000 acres (530 km2) of Shawnee land, while 70,000 acres (280 km2) remained to for the tribe, of which 20,000 acres (81 km2) were granted to the Absentee Shawnee.[22]

One researcher states that the "Loyal Shawnee" is a later name for the "Black Bob Band."[23] The Black Bob Band's records were kept by the Shawnee Agency.[24][25][26][27] Members of the Black Bob Band joined with the Absentee Shawnees and the Cherokee.[28]

In 1861 Kansas became a state, and the non-Indian people of Kansas demanded that all Indian tribes must be removed from the state.[22] The Loyal Shawnee made an agreement with the Cherokee Nation in 1869, allowing 722 to gain citizenship within the Cherokee tribe and receive allotments of Cherokee land. They predominantly settled in what is now Craig and Rogers County, Oklahoma. They became known as the "Cherokee Shawnee,"[22] primarily settling in the areas of Bird Creek (now known as Sperry); Hudson Creek (now known as Fairland); and White Oak. The Shawnee Reservation in Kansas was never legally dissolved and some Shawnee families still hold their allotment lands in Kansas.[29]

Black Bob Park, Black Bob Road and Black Bob Elementary School in Olathe, Kansas are named after Chief Black Bob.[30][31]

References

  1. ↑ B.F. Robinson, Indian Agent. "Treaty with The Shawnee - 1854". First People. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  2. 1 2 3 "Hathawekela Indian Tribe History". Access Genealogy. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  3. 1 2 S.S. Clover (1893-02-10). "Historical notes on Shawnee". Shawnee Bluejacket.com, Stories from Gatschet. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  4. ↑ "Blackfeather Farm". City of Overland Park, Kansas. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  5. 1 2 "Johnson-Wallace & Fish-Kirk Family Pedigree Charts Chief Paschal "Pas-Cal-We" Fish". 2012-05-19. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  6. 1 2 Swiftwater Thomas F. Hahn. "Part 1 - Chronology". Lenape-Delaware History. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  7. ↑ John Mack Faragher (1997). ""More Motley than Mackinaw": From Ethnic Mixing to Ethnic Cleansing on the Frontier of the Lower Missouri, 1783-1833". Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  8. ↑ "Diversity Within The Shawnee". Album, the Newsletter of the Johnson County Museum. 10 (1). Winter 1997. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  9. 1 2 Ed Blair (1915). "Chapter 1". The History of Johnson County. Kansas Collection Books. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  10. ↑ "Being Shawnee in Territorial Kansas". Album, the Newsletter of the Johnson County Museum. 17 (2). Spring 2004. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  11. ↑ Whitemoonraven. "James Burnett Abbott Collection, 1815-1896. 1 ft. From: Guide to American Indian Materials in the Collections of the Manuscript Department of the Kansas State Historical Society". Native American Genealogy Links. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  12. ↑ "James Burnett Abbott Papers, 1815-1899". Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  13. 1 2 "Black Bob Indians of Johnson County, Kansas". Native Heritage Project. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  14. ↑ Pamela A. Smith. "SHAWNEE, ABSENTEE". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  15. ↑ "Shawnee Indian Tribe". Kansas Genealogy. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-17. "For a full statement of the extinction of the title to the Black Bob lands see Kansas Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, pp. 93, 94, 95. Article by Anna Heloise Abel."
  16. ↑ "Lands of Black Bob Shawnee Indians, Kans. Attorney-General to bring suit. An act to provide for the settlement of the titles to the lands claimed by or under the Black Bob band of Shawnee Indians in Kansas, or adversely thereto, and for other purposes. Mar. 1, 1889. – 25 Stat., 768.". Oklahoma State University Digital Library. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  17. ↑ "The BLACK BOB tribe (near Olathe, KS)". The Golden Rule, Olathe Kansas. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  18. ↑ "Activity #2: Who Gets the Land?: Competing Visions of Abbott, Bluejacket and Black Bob". Johnson County History. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  19. ↑ "Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784 to 1894. Date: March 3, 1879 Where or how concluded: Act of Congress. Tribe: Shawnee (Black Bob's band). From: U.S. Serial Set, Number 4015, 56th Congress, 1st Session, Pages 894 and 895". American Memory. ISSN 2158-8910. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  20. ↑ "The Black Bob Squatters". The Indian Chieftain, Vol. IX, No. 11. Vinita, Indian Territory. 1890-11-20. p. 1. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  21. ↑ "Shawnee tribe (Loyal Shawnee)". John's Place: Cornsilks.com. 2009-10-17. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  22. 1 2 3 Smith, Pamela A. Shawnee Tribe (Loyal Shawnee). Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. (retrieved 31 Jan 09)
  23. ↑ David Cornsilk. "Re: Shawnee & Cherokee relationship/status". African-Native American Genealogy Forum. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  24. ↑ "All about genealogy and family history - Anadarko Area Office". Ancestry.com Wiki. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  25. ↑ "Shawnee Indian Agency (Oklahoma)". FamilySearch.org. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  26. ↑ "Shawnee Indian Agency (Kansas)". FamilySearch.org. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  27. ↑ "Cultural Preservation". Absentee Shawnee Tribe. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  28. ↑ Frederick Webb Hodge (1 July 2003). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico V. 1/4. Digital Scanning Inc. pp. 150–. ISBN 978-1-58218-748-8. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  29. ↑ The Shawnee in History. The Official Website of the Shawnee Tribe. (retrieved 6 Feb 2009)
  30. ↑ "Black Bob Park". Olathe Parks and Recreation, Olathe Kansas. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  31. ↑ "Black Bob Elementary School". Retrieved 2013-02-17.

Further reading

External links

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