Brasiliano orogeny

West Gondwana with major cratons in brown and Pan-African orogenies in grey

Brasiliano orogeny or Brasiliano cycle (Portuguese: Orogênese Brasiliana and Ciclo Brasiliano) refers to a series of orogenies of Neoproterozoic age exposed chiefly in Brazil but also in other parts of South America. The Brasiliano orogeny is a regional name for the larger Pan-African/Brasiliano orogeny that extended not only in South America but across most of Gondwana.^[1] In a wide sense the Brasiliano orogeny includes also the Pampean orogeny. Almeida et al. coined the term Brasiliano Orogenic Cycle in 1973. The orogeny led to the closure of several oceans and aulacogens including the Adamastor Ocean, the Goianides Ocean, the Puncoviscana Ocean^{[note 1]} and the Peri-Franciscano Ocean.^[4]

Attempts to correlate the South American Brasiliano belts with the African Pan-African belts on the other side of the Atlantic has in many cases been problematic.^[5]

Belts and belt provinces

Name	Modern location	Nearby cratons	Associated closed ocean	Details
Apiaí Belt	Southeast Brazil, South Brazil
Araçuaí Belt (Portuguese: Faixa Araçuaí)	Northeast Brazil, Southeast Brazil	São Francisco Craton[2]		The Araçuaí Belt is the west portion of an orogen that included the West Congo orogen. The rifting and opening of the South Atlantic divided the orogen into an Africa and a South American part. The Araçuaí Belt lies east if the São Francisco Craton and northeast of the Brasilia and Ribeira belts.[6]
Borborema Province	Northeastern Brazil			The Borborema Province is a geologic province in Northeastern Brazil that contains various Brasiliano orogeny belts. The Borborema Province lies between the São Francisco Craton and the São Luis Craton. The belts African counterpart and continuation lies between the Congo Craton and the West African Craton.[7]
Brasilia Belt	Northeastern Brazil, Southeastern Brazil	São Francisco Craton, Paranapanema block[2]
Dom Feliciano Belt	Southern Brazil, Eastern Uruguay	Río de la Plata Craton	Brazilides Ocean	The Dom Feliciano Belt is an orogenic belt in Southern Brazil and Eastern Uruguay. It has been suggested that the Damara Belt in Southern Africa formed the eastern part of the belt before the South Atlantic rifted. The belt contains the remnants of a volcanic arc that possibly was the result of the subduction of the Adamastor Ocean lithosphere or of lithosphere from a tectonic plate west of the belt. The Dom Feliciano Belt distinctly lack high temperature metamorphic rocks or evidence for a suture.[5]
Pampean Orogen	Argentina	Río de la Plata Craton[2]	Pampean Ocean[2]
Paraguai Belt	Central-West Brazil	Amazonian Craton, São Francisco Craton, Paranapanema block, Río de la Plata Craton[2]	Brazilides Ocean[2]	The Paraguai Belt lies in the area in between the Amazonian, São Francisco and Río de la Plata cratons. Its oroclinal bend is probably indebted to the irrebular shape of the Amazonian Craton. The formation of the Paraguai belt is associated with the closure of the Clymene Ocean. The belt has assimilate ages of deformation as the Pampean orogen further south in Argentina.[8]
Rioacho do Pontal Belt	Northeastern Brazil
Ribeira Belt (Portuguese: Faixa Ribeira)	Southeastern Brazil	São Francisco Craton, Paranapanema block, Luís Alves Craton[2]	Brazilides Ocean	The Ribeira Belt is a deeply eroded orogen in Southeastern Brazil. The Ribeira Belt resulted from the collision of two continents. Most of the orogenic deformation occurred 590 to 563 million years ago.[9]
Rio Paraná Belt	Central-West Brazil
Rio Pardo Belt	Northeastern Brazil
Rio Preto Belt	Northeastern Brazil
Sergipano Belt	Northeastern Brazil	São Francisco Craton[2]		The Sergipano Belt lies northeast of the São Francisco Craton. The metamorphism of the rocks of the belt reaches the amphibolite facies.[10]

Notes

1. This ocean is also called Pampean Ocean.^[2] The relationship of this ocean and the Puncoviscana Formation is disputed.^[3]

References

1. Kröner, A.; Stern, R. J. (2004). "Pan-African Orogeny" (PDF). In Selley, R. C.; Cocks, R.; Plimer, I. Encyclopedia of Geology. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 1. ISBN 9780126363807. Retrieved December 2015. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
2. Gaucher, Claudio; Frimmel, Hartwig E.; Germs, J.B. (2010). "Tectonic Events and Palaeogeographic Evolution of Southwestern Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian". In Gaucher, Claudio; Sial, Alcides; Haverson, Galen. Neoproterozoic-cambrian tectonics, global change and evolution: a focus on south western Gondwana. Elsevier. pp. 295–316.
3. Aceñolaza, Florencio G.; Toselli, Alejandro (2010). "The Pampean Orogen: Ediacaran-Lower Cambrian Evolutionary History of Central and Northwest Region of Argentina". In Gaucher, Claudio; Sial, Alcides; Haverson, Galen. Neoproterozoic-cambrian tectonics, global change and evolution: a focus on south western Gondwana. Elsevier. pp. 239–254.
4. de Brito Neves, Benjamin Bley. "Ciclos Transamazônico e Brasiliano". Glossário Geológico Ilustrado (PDF) (in Portuguese).
5. Frimmel, Hartwig E. (2010). "Configuration of Pan-African Orogenic Belts in Southwestern Africa". In Gaucher, Claudio; Sial, Alcides; Haverson, Galen. Neoproterozoic-cambrian tectonics, global change and evolution: a focus on south western Gondwana. Elsevier. pp. 145–151.
6. Peres, Gilherme G.; Alkimim, Fernando F.; Jordt-Evangelista, Hanna (2004). "The southern Araçuaí belt and the Dom Silvério Group: geologic architecture and tectonic significance". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 76 (4). Retrieved 16 January 2016.
7. dos Santos, Edilton José; Van Schmus, William Randall; Kozuch, Marianne; de Brito Neves, Benjamim Bley (2010). "The Cariris Velhos tectonic event in Northeast Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 29: 61–76.
8. Tohver, E.; Trindade, R.I.F.; Solum, G.F.; Hall, C.M.; Riccomini, C.; Nogueira, A.C. (2010). "Closing the Clymene ocean and bending a Brasiliano belt: Evidence for the Cambrian formation of Gondwana, southeast Amazon craton". Geology. 38: 267–270. doi:10.1130/G30510.1.
9. Heilbron, Monica; De Morisson Valeriano, Cláudio; Sayão, Cláudia Valladares; Machado, Nuno (1995). "A orogênese brasiliana no segmento central da Faixa Ribeira, Brasil". Revista Brasileira de Geociências (in Portuguese). 25 (4): 249–266. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
10. Caby, R.; Sial, A.N.; Arthaud, M.; Vauchez, A. (1991). "Crustal Evolution and the Brasiliano Orogeny in Northeast Brazil". In Dallmeyer, R.D.; Lécorché, J.P. The West African Orogens and Circum-Atlantic Correlatives. pp. 374–397. ISBN 978-3-642-84155-2.