Cadillac V8 engine

Cadillac was the first automobile maker in the world to mass-produce V8 engines. The company has produced many generations and variations of V8s since 1914, and was the last General Motors division to retain its own proprietary V8 design.

L-Head

The Type 51 was the first Cadillac V8. Introduced in 1914, it was the standard engine for 1915 Cadillac models. It was a 90° design with an L-head (sidevalve) configuration and was water-cooled. Bore was 3.125 in (79 mm) and stroke was 5.125 in (130 mm), for a total of 314 cu in (5.15 L) of displacement. Output was 70 hp (52 kW).

This engine was designed under the leadership of Cadillac's chief engineer 1914-1917, Scottish-born D (D'Orsay) McCall White (1880 -), later a vice president of Cadillac.^[1] Hired by Henry Leland for his V-engine expertise from his employment as chief engineer at Napier, and previously Daimler at Coventry, he was later to move to Nash with LaFayette. White was appointed to a committee of three to supervise the development of the V12 Liberty Aircraft Motor.^[2]

The engine was refined for 1923 with a new split crankshaft that introduced the (now standard) 90° offset for each pair of cylinders. Power was up to 83.5 hp (62 kW).

The L-Head was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines of the 20th century list.

Type 51, 1915

L-Head applications:

Cadillac created a new V8, the 341, for 1928. It was a 341 in³ engine and produced 90 hp (67 kW). The same year saw the introduction of the synchromesh transmission. This engine was used in the Series 341 and 341B cars of 1928 and 1929.

From 1930 through 1935, Cadillac produced a version with an increased displacement of 353 cu in (5.78 L). This used a 3.38 in (86 mm) bore and 4.94 in (125 mm) stroke. This engine was used in the Cadillac Series 353 and Series 355.

Monobloc

A 322 cu in (5.28 L) "monobloc" engine was used in 1936's Series 60. It was designed to be the company's next-generation powerplant at reduced cost from the 353 and Cadillac V12. The monobloc's cylinders and crankcase were cast as a single unit,^[3] and it used hydraulic valve lifters for durability. This design allowed the creation of the mid-priced Series 60 line.

Bore was 3.375 in (85.7 mm) and stroke was 4.5 in (110 mm). This engine was modified with a 3.5 in (89 mm) bore for the 1936-1948 346 cu in (5.67 L) engine. This was used in the Series 60/60S/61/62/63/65/67 and 70/72/75. It was also used in tanks, e.g. M5 Stuart, in World War II.

LaSalle

In 1937, the new monobloc flathead gained 24 cu in (390 cc) in Cadillac V-8 models to 346 cu in (5.67 L), while the LaSalle straight-8 of 1934–1936 that originated from Oldsmobile actually was replaced with the 1936 smaller 322 cu in (5.28 L) version at 125 hp (93 kW). In 1941, the LaSalle nameplate was phased out along with the 322 cu in (5,280 cc), and Cadillacs, all 346 cu in (5,670 cc) powered, were available with the new Hydramatic automatic transmission which debuted in Oldsmobile the previous year. These engines were produced through 1948.

OHV

1962 Cadillac Series 62 390 V8 engine

331

For 1949, Cadillac and Oldsmobile each produced a new V8 design (the Oldsmobile engine was the 303). Both of the engines were Overhead valve designs. The Cadillac 331 engine featured a "dry" (coolant exited through an assembly attached directly to the cylinder heads), open runner (requiring the use of a tappet valve cover) intake manifold, rear-mounted distributor, and shaft-mounted rockers. Both the Studebaker V8 and the '56-'66 AMC 'Rambler' V8 engine designs had some similarities, except for deletion of integral bellhousing extension.

Studebaker's V8 engine design is sometimes nicknamed the 'Caliper V8' because it was rumored to have been copied from the Cadillac design. Although engineers were known to change employers and take their knowledge to their new place of work, the rumor is not entirely true. Studebaker began development of its Commander OHV V8 engine in 1947 before any Cadillac OHV engines were available to the public and, therefore, not available to Studebaker to be copied. Studebaker might have had time to modify its design when the Cadillac engine became available in 1949, but the Studebaker engine was in dynomometer testing by early 1950. In order to copy the Cadillac engine, the Studebaker engineers would have had to scrap almost 24 months of development work, then make major changes to its design, cast new parts, and rush engines to testing in no more than 12 months. Considering Studebaker's Research and Development budget was limited, it is highly unlikely they would have abandoned 24 months of work to make major changes. The Studebaker engine also had more horsepower per cubic inch of displacement (0.517 hp per CI) than the Cadillac engine (0.483 hp per CI). If it was truly a copy, the horsepower per cubic inch would have been more similar. Finally, several features on the Studebaker engine were not found on the Cadillac engine, including: Direct spur-gear driven camshaft; Externally serviceable oil pressure relief valve; Mechanical valve lifters with highly innovative, self-locking adjusting screws; Crankshaft thrust loads carried on the front main bearings facilitating easy adjustment of crankshaft end play (loads were carried by the rear bearings on the two GM engines); A unique modular water pump design mounted in a separate distribution manifold, allowing the pump to be changed without removing coolant hoses; and cylinder head bolt bosses located in the outer walls of the block to minimize cylinder distortion. Finally, the displacement of the Studebaker engine was initially 199 cubic inches during development, later being increased to 232 cubic inches to meet an engineering target for adequate power and torque. This is much less than the 331 cubic inch displacement of the Cadillac engine or the 303 cubic inches of the Oldsmobile engine.

Due to their similarities, however, many early racers would replace the Cadillac hydraulic lifter and rocker assemblies with the solid lifters and adjustable rockers from the Studebaker. This engine features an oiling system which uses a central cast-in passage between the lifter galleries feeding oil to the cam and crank by grooves machined into the cam bores. A single drilled passage per bearing saddle fed both cam and crank journals. A design that it shares with the Oldsmobile Rocket V8 is how the lifters are supplied oil through small 'bleeds' instead of placing the lifters directly into the right and left side oil supply galleries, it is a 'skirtless' block where the oil pan flange does not descend appreciably below the crankshaft centerline and they two have a partial integral cast iron clutch housing that compares to the early Chrysler Hemi V8 design.

365

the engine out of the iconic version of the Eldorado. Displacement was up to 365 cu in (5.98 L) for 1956, and the 1958 Eldorado 3-2bbl version produced 335 hp (250 kW).

390

A longer stroke pushed displacement to 390 cu in (6.4 L) for 1959, yielding 325 hp (242 kW), while the Eldorado Tri-power reached 345 hp (257 kW).

Redesigned OHV

For the 1963 model year Cadillac updated their V8 engine, modernizing the tooling used in the production line while optimizing the engine's design. Although it shared the same layout and architecture with the 1949-vintage engine, the revised engine had shorter connecting rods and was 1 in (25 mm) lower, 4 in (100 mm) narrower, and 1.25 in (32 mm) shorter. The accessories (water pump, power steering pump, distributor) mounted on a die-cast aluminum housing at the front of the engine for improved accessibility. An alternator replaced the former generator. The crankshaft was cored out to make it both lighter and stronger. The revised engine was 52 lb (24 kg) lighter than its predecessor, for a total dry weight of 595 lb (270 kg).

390

For 1963 the revised engine shared the same 4.00 in (102 mm) bore and 3.875 in (98.4 mm) stroke of its predecessor, for an unchanged displacement of 390 cu in (6.4 L). Power was unchanged at 325 hp (242 kW), as was torque at 430 lbf·ft (580 N·m).

429

For 1964 the engine had a 4.13 in (105 mm) bore and a 4.00 in (102 mm) stroke, raising displacement to 429 cu in (7.03 L). Power rose to 340 hp (254 kW) and torque to 480 lbf·ft (650 N·m). The 429 was used through the 1967 model year. (It is not uncommon to find an early 1964 model year with the '63 390 V8 as Cadillac tried to use up the older engines in stock.)

World's largest

Although the modernized engine was compact and light for its displacement and output, 429 cu in (7.03 L) represented the limit of the original architecture's expansion, and it had been surpassed by Chrysler's 440 and Lincoln's 462 and 460. As a result Cadillac introduced an all-new engine for 1968.

472

At introduction, the new engine had a 4.30 in (109 mm) bore and a 4.06 in (103 mm) stroke for a displacement of 472 cu in (7.73 L). "Extensively redesigned" to ease maintenance, it used only 90% as many parts and 75% as many gasketed joints as before.^[4] It delivered 375 hp (280 kW) at 4400 rpm and a massive 525 lbf·ft (712 N·m) torque at just 3000 rpm. The new engine was about 80 lb (36 kg) heavier than its predecessor. It was used through 1974. It was designed with potential for a 600-cubic inch displacement.

500

For 1970 Cadillac fitted a crankshaft with a 4.304 in (109.3 mm) stroke, increasing total displacement on the engine to 500 cu in (8.2 L). At introduction it was rated at 400 hp (298 kW), SAE gross, and 550 lbf·ft (750 N·m) of torque. For 1971 compression was reduced from 10:1 to 8.5:1, the lowered compression ratio dropped the 500's gross output from 400 brake horsepower (300 kW) to 365 brake horsepower (272 kW), or 235 horsepower (175 kW) in the new SAE net ratings. By 1976, its final year, it had fallen to 190 horsepower (140 kW). However, a new Bendix electronic fuel injection system was offered as an option, and it increased power output to 215 hp (160 kW). The 500 was exclusive to the Eldorado until 1975 where the powerplant was standard in all Cadillacs except for the Seville, which was powered by a fuel-injected Oldsmobile 350.

Year	Engine Vin Code	Engine Letter Code	Cubic Inch	Rated Horsepower	Rated Torque	Bore & Stroke	Compression Ratio	Oil Pressure PSI
1968–1969	None	None	472	375 hp (280 kW) @ 4400 rpm	525 lb·ft (712 N·m) @ 3000 rpm	4.300 X 4.060	10.5:1	33
1970	None	None	472	375 hp (280 kW) @ 4400 rpm	525 lb·ft (712 N·m) @ 3000 rpm	4.300 X 4.060	10.0:1	35-40
1970	None	None	500	400 hp (298 kW) @ 4400 rpm	550 lb·ft (750 N·m) @ 3000 rpm	4.300 X 4.304	10.0:1	35-40
1971	R	61E,Q	472	345 hp (257 kW) @ 4400 rpm	500 lb·ft (680 N·m) @ 2800 rpm	4.300 X 4.060	8.5:1	35-40
1971	S	61E,Q	500	365 hp (272 kW) @ 4400 rpm	535 lb·ft (725 N·m) @ 2800 rpm	4.300 X 4.304	8.5:1	35-40
1972	R	62E,Q	472	220 hp (164 kW) @ 4400 rpm	365 lb·ft (495 N·m) @ 2400 rpm	4.300 X 4.060	8.5:1	35
1972	S	62E,Q	500	235 hp (175 kW) @ 4400 rpm	385 lb·ft (522 N·m) @ 2400 rpm	4.300 X 4.304	8.5:1	35
1973	R	63E,Q	472	220 hp (164 kW) @ 4400 rpm	365 lb·ft (495 N·m) @ 2400 rpm	4.300 X 4.060	8.5:1	35
1973	S	63E,Q	500	235 hp (175 kW) @ 4400 rpm	385 lb·ft (522 N·m) @ 2400 rpm	4.300 X 4.304	8.5:1	35
1974	R	64E,Q	472	205 hp (153 kW) @ 4400 rpm	380 lb·ft (520 N·m) @ 2400 rpm	4.300 X 4.060	8.5:1	35
1974	S	64E,Q	500	210 hp (157 kW) @ 3600 rpm	380 lb·ft (520 N·m) @ 2000 rpm	4.300 X 4.304	8.5:1	35
1975	S	65E,Q	500	210 hp (157 kW) @ 3600 rpm	380 lb·ft (520 N·m) @ 2000 rpm	4.300 X 4.304	8.5:1	35
1976	S	66E,Q	500	190 hp (142 kW) @ 3600 rpm	360 lb·ft (490 N·m) @ 2000 rpm	4.300 X 4.304	8.5:1	35

Small Block proprietary OHV

Starting in the mid to late 1970s Cadillac expanded its product range offering more mid sized vehicles, i.e. sedans and coupes. While initially the Cadillac Seville for example, which was positioned in the mid sized segment used a variant of 350 cu in (5.7 L) Oldsmobile based architecture V8, Cadillac also began work on its own proprietary engines.^[5]^[6]

425

In 1977 Cadillac introduced a new 425 cu in (6.96 L) V8, based on the architecture of the 472, but with a smaller, 4.082 in (103.7 mm) bore and the same 4.06 in (103 mm) stroke. The new engine was also 100 lb (45 kg) lighter.

The 425 was offered in L33 form, with a four-barrel carburetor, producing 180 hp (134 kW) at 4000 rpm and 320 lbf·ft (430 N·m) of torque at 2000 rpm, and L35 with electronic port fuel injection for 195 hp (145 kW) and 320 lbf·ft (430 N·m) of torque, but peaked at 2400 rpm.

The 425 was used through 1979 on all Cadillacs except the Seville and 1979 Eldorados.

368 and V8-6-4

In 1980 the 425 was replaced with the L61, which was the same basic 472 family engine de-bored to 3.80 in (97 mm) but retaining the 472 and 425 engines' 4.06" stroke for a total displacement of 368 cu in (6.03 L). The reduction in displacement was largely an effort to meet CAFE requirements for fuel economy. Throttle-body fuel injection was now standard on Eldorado and Seville when equipped with the 368. Rear wheel drive cars and the Commercial Chassis for hearse and ambulance builders used the Rochester Quadrajet 4 barrel carburetor.

Cadillac referred to this new TBI (throttle body injection) fuel system as Digital Fuel Injection (DFI); this particular induction system was later adopted by other GM divisions, except on Oldsmobile V8s, and was used well into the 1990s on GM trucks.

Power output dropped to 145 hp (108 kW) at 3600 rpm and torque to 270 lbf·ft (370 N·m) at 2000 rpm in DEFI forms as used on the front-wheel-drive Seville and Eldorado but 150 hp (110 kW) on the 4-barrel Quadrajet-equipped RWD models. This engine was standard on all Cadillacs except the redesigned Seville, in which it was optional.

For 1981 Cadillac introduced a new engine that would become notorious for its reliability problems (with the electronics, not the robust mechanical design), the V8-6-4 (L62). The L61 had not provided a significant improvement in the company's CAFE numbers, so Cadillac and Eaton Corporation devised a cylinder deactivation system called Modulated Displacement that would shut off two or four cylinders in low-load conditions such as highway cruising, then reactivate them when more power was needed. When deactivated, solenoids mounted to those cylinders' rocker-arm studs would disengage the fulcrums, allowing the rockers to "float" and leave the valves closed despite the continued action of the pushrods. These engines are easily identified by their rocker covers, which each have elevated sections over 2 cylinders with electrical connectors on top. With the valves closed the cylinders acted as air-springs, which both eliminated the feel of "missing" and kept the cylinders warm for instant combustion upon reactivation. Simultaneously, the engine control module would reduce the amount of fuel metered through the TBI unit. On the dashboard, an "MPG Sentinel" digital display could show the number of cylinders in operation, average or current fuel consumption (in miles per gallon), or estimated range based on the amount of fuel remaining in the tank and the average mileage since the last reset.^[7]

Another rare and advanced feature introduced with DFI was Cadillac's truly "on-board" diagnostics. For mechanics who had to deal with the 368s, the cars contained diagnostics that did not require the use of special external computer scan-tools. The new Electronic Climate Control display, along with the MPG Sentinel, provided on-board readout of any stored trouble codes, instantaneous readings from all the various engine sensors, forced cycling of the underhood solenoids and motors, and on the V8-6-4 motors, manual cylinder-pair control. The L62 produced 140 hp (104 kW) at 3800 rpm and 265 lbf·ft (359 N·m) at 1400 rpm. Cadillac hailed the L62 as a technological masterpiece, and made it standard equipment across the whole Cadillac line.

While cylinder deactivation would make a comeback some 20 years later with modern computing power (and using oil pressure to deactivate the valves by collapsing the lifters) Cadillac's 1981 V8-6-4 proved to have insurmountable engineering problems. The main issue was that the Engine Control Module simply lacked the robustness, programming and processing speed to efficiently manage the cylinder-deactivation under all load conditions. In the era before electronically operated EGR valves, the engineers also made an error in using a "back-pressure-type" EGR valve. While this early effort to match the vacuum-controlled EGR volume more accurately to the engine's load made sense in a 'normal' engine, it had the effect of causing pinging (detonation) problems in the V8-6-4 engine, because 4 cylinders operating under higher load needed more EGR, while they were actually producing less exhaust flow and therefore less back-pressure to operate the valve.

In an effort to increase reliability, Cadillac issued thirteen updated PROM chips for the ECMs, but many of these engines simply had their Modulated Displacement function disabled by dealers, leaving them with permanent eight-cylinder operation. This was accomplished by merely disconnecting a single wire from the transmission's "3rd-gear switch", or running it through a switch inside the car for manual override. The 368 was dropped from most Cadillac passenger cars after the 1981 model year, although the V8-6-4 remained the standard engine for Fleetwood Limousines and the carbureted 368 remained in the Commercial Chassis through 1984.

The 368 has the distinction of being the last traditional "big-block" cast-iron pushrod V8 engine available in a production car. It lasted through 1984 in the limousines. Rival big blocks, 396, 400 (Ford), 402, 426, 440, 454, 455, 460, etc. disappeared between 1976 and 1978. RWD models were coupled with the heavy duty THM400 transmission, the last factory-produced GM passenger car fitted with this transmission.

High Technology

Main article: Cadillac High Technology engine

The Cadillac High Technology Engine was produced from 1982 to 1995. It was originally scheduled for a 1983 release, later delayed to 1985, with its intended applications being the downsized front-wheel drive models that Cadillac would introduce that year.

Cadillac use of non-Cadillac V8s

Fleetwood (RWD)/Deville (RWD)/Brougham (RWD)

The 1976 through 1979 Seville was only available with Oldsmobile engines. (The engine was "marketed" as a Cadillac engine and was exclusive to the Cadillac product line, but was in reality produced by the Oldsmobile division). Buyers were able to choose between 350 gas and 350 diesel versions. From 1982 to 1985, all rear-wheel drive Cadillacs (except for the limousines) could be ordered with the 350 cu in (5.7 L) Oldsmobile LF9 Diesel V8. In fact, for most of its life, the 1980-1985 version of Cadillac's Seville came standard with Oldsmobile's V8 diesel, with the gas engine being a no-cost option.

From 1986 to 1990, the rear-wheel drive Cadillac Brougham used a 5.0 L (307 cu in) Oldsmobile carbureted V8 (replacing the Cadillac HT-4100).

In 1990 a 175 hp (130 kW), fuel-injected 5.7 L (350 cu in) Chevrolet small-block V8 (RPO L05) became optional when the towing package is selected.

In 1991 the Oldsmobile 307 was replaced with a 5.0 L (305 cu in) throttle body fuel-injected Chevrolet V8 (RPO LO3 - same powerplant used in Chevrolet's Caprice and C/K light trucks).

In 1993 the 180 hp (134 kW) 5.7 L (350 cu in) V8 became standard in the newly renamed Cadillac Fleetwood.

In 1994 this was replaced with an iron headed Chevrolet LT1 V8 with 260 hp (194 kW), which the Fleetwood would use until it was discontinued at the end of the 1996 model year.

With the introduction of the Escalade to the Cadillac lineup, the L31 Vortec 5700 was used, as it was part of the Chevy truck line on which the Escalade was based. In 2001, the new redesigned Escalade picked up the performance version of the 6.0 L Generation III series engine (RPO code LQ9). Since 2007, all Cadillac Escalades have been equipped with Generation IV 6.2 L engines. This new engine option is shared with the GMC Denali.

CTS-V

The 2004 to 2005 CTS-V's used the previous generation Corvette Z06's 400 hp (298 kW) 5.7 L LS6 V8.

The 2006 and 2007 Cadillac CTS-V uses the 400 hp (298 kW) 6.0 L LS2 V8, similar to that used in the standard Corvette C6.

The 2009 CTS-V carries a supercharged 6.2 L LSA variant, producing at least 550 hp (410 kW) (in preliminary ratings). This is similar to the LS9 used in the high-performance 2009 Corvette ZR1, but uses a different model of supercharger (the LS9 produces 638 hp (476 kW)).

Northstar

Main article: Northstar engine series

Cadillac's most technologically advanced engine since the original arrived in 1992 is the DOHC Northstar unit. Although Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Buick have borrowed the Northstar architecture for their V8 (and even V6) engines, it was not until the 2004 Pontiac Bonneville that a non-Cadillac used the Northstar name.

The Northstar is broken up into different versions depending on model usage and model year.

4.6 L

The 275 hp (205 kW) version was available starting in 1993 on the Seville SLS and Eldorado ESC. The Allante, the Seville STS and the Eldorado ETC had the 300 hp (224 kW) version of the Northstar. In 1994, the DeVille Concours received the 270-horsepower version of this engine. By 1996, the Northstar engine became standard equipment in the front-wheel-drive Cadillac line. The 275-horsepower engine was in the Seville SLS 1993–2004, Eldorado ESC 1993–2002, Standard Deville 1996–2005, Devile d'elegance 1997–1999, and Deville DHS 2000–2005. The 300-horsepower version was used in the Seville STS 1993-2004, Eldorado ETC 1996-2002, Deville Concours 1997–1999, and Deville DTS 2000–2005. Its final appearance was in the final generation of the DTS series, produced from 2006 to 2011.

Non-Cadillac uses:

The 275 hp version of the Northstar was also standard equipment in the top GXP trim level of the Pontiac Bonneville, produced only in 2004 and 2005. It was also the top engine option available in the Buick Lucerne produced from 2006 through 2011. The Lucerne shared its platform and the Detroit/Hamtramck assembly plant with the final generation of the Cadillac DTS.^[8]

4.4 L

The 4.4 L versions were all supercharged, exclusive to Cadillac's V-series. The present STS-V engine, since 2006, produces 469 hp (350 kW) and 439 lbf·ft (595 N·m) under the SAE certified rating system.

The 2006 - 2008 XLR-V uses the same supercharged Northstar V8 as the STS-V, though output is down somewhat due to design changes made to accommodate the model's more limited underhood space. For the XLR-V, the SAE certified output is 443 hp (330 kW) and 414 lbf·ft (561 N·m). The supercharger and four intercoolers are built into the intake manifold.

The bores were reduced in size to increase block strength, increasing the safety margin under boost.

4.0 L

This is the Oldsmobile Aurora variant, never installed in a Cadillac. The Aurora's cylinder heads had lower flow characteristics to match the engine's reduced size. The 4.0 L engine produces 250 horsepower (190 kW).

References

↑ Cadillac puts White in Vice-Presidency, Automobile Topics October 13, 1917 Volume 47
↑ Derby, White, ed's,The National Cyclopædia of American Biography: Volume 17 pp. 320-321 White & Co, New York, 1921
↑ Cadillac LaSalle Club of Australia, Peter's 1939 La Salle
↑ Ludvigsen, Karl. "Cadillac: The Great American Dream Come True", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Vol. 3, p.297
↑ http://www.enginebuildermag.com/2014/03/vintage-v8s-exploring-100-years-eight-cylinder-cadillac-engines/
↑ http://blog.caranddriver.com/century-club-the-100-year-history-of-cadillac-v-8s/
↑ Sessler, Peter C., Ultimate American V-8 Engine Data Book. MBI Publishing Company, 2010, p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7603-3681-6
↑ Source: Edmunds

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