Caloric deficit

A caloric deficit is any shortage in the amount of calories consumed relative to the amount of calories required for maintenance of current body weight (energy homeostasis).

A deficit can be created by reducing input/calories consumed (lower food intake, aka dieting).[1] A deficit can also be created by increasing output without a corresponding increase in input. Increased output is created by increasing physical activity,[2] from increased caloric requirements necessary to heal an injury,[3] or from growth.[4] There are also some substances, including Caffeine, which can create a small (3-5%)[5] increase in caloric expenditure, via a variety of pathways that include increasing physical activity levels and increasing Thermogenesis (heat output), and/or by reducing caloric input via appetite suppression.[6][7] Drugs and herbal treatments creating a more extreme metabolic effect exist; however, they cause extreme increases of heart rate and thermogenesis that can cause death in even very healthy and athletic individuals, and these drugs are not widely sold.[7][8]

As the calories required for energy homeostasis decreases as the organisms's mass decreases, if a moderate deficit is maintained eventually a new (lower) weight will be reached and maintained, and the organism will no longer be at caloric deficit.[2] A permanent severe deficit, on the other hand, which contains too few calories to maintain a healthy weight level, will eventually result in starvation and death.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Mayo Clinic".
  2. 1 2 "Metabolic and Behavioral Compensations in Response to Caloric Restriction: Implications for the Maintenance of Weight Loss". PLOS ONE. 4: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004377. February 9, 2009. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004377.
  3. ↑ "Estimating Caloric Needs to Promote Wound Healing" (PDF). www.drnancycollins.com. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
  4. ↑ "CALORIC NEEDS". www.utmb.edu. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
  5. ↑ Dulloo, A. G.; Geissler, C. A.; Horton, T.; Collins, A.; Miller, D. S. (1989-01-01). "Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers.". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 49 (1): 44–50. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 2912010.
  6. ↑ "Acute and chronic caffeine administration increases physical activity in sedentary adults" (PDF). www.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
  7. 1 2 "Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss — Health Professional Fact Sheet". ods.od.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
  8. ↑ Lu, Yuan-qiang; Jiang, Jiu-kun; Huang, Wei-dong (2011-3). "Clinical features and treatment in patients with acute 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning". Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B. 12 (3): 189–192. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1000265. ISSN 1673-1581. PMC 3048933Freely accessible. PMID 21370503. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ "The Effects of Starvation on Behavior: Implications for Dieting and Eating Disorders".
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