Cardinals created between 904–985

List of the cardinals attested in the contemporary sources during the period of pornocracy (904 – 964) and later until the election of Pope John XV in August 985. It certainly contains only small part of all cardinals living at that time because only small number of documents and other accounts useful for the reconstruction of that list have been preserved to our times.

The dates in the parentheses mark the first and last time when the cardinal appears in the sources.

Cardinal-bishops

Note: diocese of Sabina became a suburbicarian see only in 1063. Although some of its bishops in the 10th century are known by name, they should not be included in the list of cardinals.[14]

Cardinal-priests

Cardinal-deacons

"Presumed cardinals"

Numerous writers from the 16th century onwards, including Alphonsus Ciacconius (1540–1599), Lorenzo Cardella etc. have mentioned several other cardinals ostensibly created during this period,[25] which, however, for various reasons should be either eliminated from that list or classified as dubious ("presumed cardinals").[26] They can be divided in four subsequent categories.

Authentic persons, whose cardinalate is not proven

Note: in some cases it is possible that the promotion really took place; however, there is no evidence to ascertain it:

Name Alleged cardinalate Notes
Johannes[27][28] Cardinal-deacon ca. 907, elected Pope John X (914–928) Pope John X was a deacon, but in Bologna and not at Rome; from 905 he was archbishop of Ravenna.[29]
Anastasius[27] Cardinal-deacon created by Sergius III (904–911), elected Pope Anastasius III (911–913) Contemporary sources say nothing about his promotion to the cardinalate[30]
Lando[27] Cardinal-deacon created by Sergius III (904–911), elected Pope Lando (913–914) Contemporary sources do not mention his cardinalate[31]
Christophorus[27][32] Cardinal-deacon and primicerius created by Sergius III (904–911); relative of Pope Leo V Statement almost certainly resulted from a confusion. Primicerius Christophorus was father of Pope Leo VI (not Leo V) and is attested in several documents issued by Pope John VIII in 876; there is no evidence that he was later promoted to the cardinalate and even that he was still alive under Pope Sergius III[33]
Sergius[27][32] Cardinal-deacon created by John X in 928 Certain Sergius was one of the legates of John XI in Constantinople in 932-933 but there is no evidence that he was a cardinal[34]
Agapitus[27] Cardinal-deacon created by Marinus II (942–946), elected Pope Agapitus II (946–955) The Sigeric’s catalogue does not list him as cardinal.[15] Other contemporary sources also do not mention his cardinalate[35]
Benedictus[27] Bishop of Sutri and cardinal under Pope John XIII (965–972), elected Pope Benedict VII (974–983) He was bishop of Sutri, but neither the Sigeric’s catalogue[15] nor the other contemporary accounts make any reference to his cardinalate [36]
Petrus[27] Bishop of Pavia and cardinal created before 981, elected Pope John XIV (983–984) He was bishop of Pavia from at least 972, but neither the Sigeric’s catalogue[15] nor the other contemporary accounts make any reference to his cardinalate[37]
Hadamar, O.S.B., abbot of Fulda (927–956) [27][38] Cardinal-priest created in 946 There exist numerous papal privileges for the abbots of Fulda in the 10th century, though some of them are falsehoods. However, none of them make any reference to the cardinalate of these abbots[39]
Werinhar, O.S.B., abbot of Fulda (968–982) [27][40] Cardinal created by Benedict VII

Cardinals not attested in the contemporary sources

The following cardinals allegedly promoted in 10th century up to date have not been identified in the published documents from the Roman registers:[41][42]

Fictitious individuals

Two cardinals, ostensibly elected to the papacy, are fictitious persons which owe their existence an onomastic confusion[45]

They both are not listed in the official series of Popes in Annuario Pontificio.

Cardinals known only from the false documents

Some documents which bear the subscriptions of the cardinals have been recognized as falsehoods and although some authors unaware of this fact used them as sources for the reconstruction of the catalogue of cardinals in the 10th century, they are useless for this purpose:

Notes

  1. Italia pontificia 2, p. 25 no. 1
  2. Ivan Kuklujević Sakcinski, Codex diplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, vol. 1, Zagreb 1874, p. 76-82.
  3. Regesta Imperii Online. Abt. II, Bd. 5 no. 111
  4. Italia pontificia 2, p. 89 no. 14
  5. Jaffè, p. 458. The bull of 21 January 944, which also bears the signature of this cardinal, is a falsehood, see Regesta Imperii. Abt. II, Bd. 5 no. 177
  6. E. Stevenson, Documenti dell'archivio della cattedrale di Velletri, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 12, 1889, p. 73
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Liudprandi historia Ottonis, MGH SS rer. Germ. 41, p. 165
  8. Italia pontificia 2, p. 89 no. 17
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 MGH Const. 1, p. 532-535
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Migne, vol. 135, col. 976-979
  11. 1 2 Regesta Imperii. Abt. II, Bd. 5 no. 434 and 437
  12. 1 2 3 Italia Pontificia 2, p. 90 no. 22; Migne, vol. 137 col. 346-349
  13. Jaffè, p. 480
  14. Hans Walter Klewitz: Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg, Hermann Gentner Verlag Darmstadt, 1957, p. 24-35.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The Sigeric's catalogue of the popes (written in 990), edited in W. Stubbs: Memorials of Saint Dunstan, London 1874, p. 391 note 1. It contains the names of the popes elected between 914 and 985 and mentions the titular churches of those of them, who had been cardinals.
  16. Gesta archiepscoporum Magdeburgensium, MGH SS XIV, p. 382
  17. His titular church is not known
  18. His titular church is not known. Perhaps he is the same as Theophylactus of SS. IV Coronati or Theophylactus of S. Crisogono (both attested in 963–964)
  19. Jaffé, p. 465
  20. Regesta Imperii. Abt. II, Bd. 5 no. 386
  21. Gerhard Schwartz: Die Besetzung der Bistümern Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern mit den Listen der Bischöfe 951-1122, Verlag von B. G. Teubner in Leipzig und Berlin 1913, p. 284-285.
  22. Jaffé, p. 478; Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1975). "Bonifatius VII., Papst". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm. Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 1. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 689–690. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.
  23. Regesta Imperii. Abt. II, Bd. 5 no 543
  24. P. Fedele: Tabularium S. Mariae Novae, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, 23 (1900), p. 181-182; cf. Rudolf Hüls: Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom, Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1977, p. 20.
  25. Full list, that included both authentic and dubious names, on The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church by Salvador Miranda. For this period Miranda's list relies almost completely on the catalogue of the cardinals of the 10th century in Annuaire Pontifical Catholic, 1926, which is based mainly on Ciacconius' work titled Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum, ed. A. Oldoini, Rome 1677).
  26. About the "presumed cardinals" in general see A. Paravicini Bagliani: Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, Padova 1972, p. 519 ff. and Elfriede Kartusch, Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227, Wien 1948, p. 428-438. About the numerous errors made by the early historians of the College of Cardinals see also; Johannes M. Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181, Berlin 1912, passim; and Werner Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Wien 1984, passim
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Salvador Miranda: The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: General list of Cardinals, 10th Century (900-999); retrieved on 18 September 2009
  28. Cardella, p. 73-74
  29. Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 15; Mann, p. 152-153; Watterich I, p. 38-39 and 661
  30. Mann, p. 143-146; Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 1; Watterich I, p 660
  31. Mann, p. 147-148; Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 12; Watterich I, p 38 and 660.
  32. 1 2 3 Cardella, p. 76
  33. Mann, p. 188; Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 90 note. Primicerius was always in the rank of subdeacon, not a cardinal: Werner Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Wien 1984, p. 250 note 301.
  34. Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 111.
  35. Mann, p. 147-148; Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 12; Watterich I, p 41 and 672.
  36. Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 527; Schwartz, p. 264; Watterich, I, p. 686-687; Mann, p. 315-317
  37. Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 621; Schwartz, p. 142; Watterich, I, p. 687; Mann, p. 330-331
  38. Cardella, p. 77-78.
  39. . Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 127, 171, 205 (falsehood), 212a, 214, 215, 216, 217 (falsehood), 227 (falsehood), 248, 249, 288, 462, 464 (falsehood), 541, 590
  40. Cardella, p. 83-84.
  41. The following registers have been taken into account:
    • Jean Paul Migne: Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 971-982, 1183-1186; vol. 132, col. 799-816, 1065-1092; vol. 133 col. 889-932, 1013-1044; vol. 134 col. 989-1000; vol. 135 col. 951-1000, 1081-1092; vol. 137 col. 315-358
    • Paul Fridolin Kehr (ed. vol. 1-8), Walter Holtzmann (ed. vol. 9-10): Regesta pontificum Romanorum. Italia Pontificia, vol. 1-10, Berlin 1906-1975
    • Philipp Jaffé: Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. Vol. I. Leipzig 1885, p. 445-485
    • Julius von Pflugk-Harttung: Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita, vol. I-III, Stuttgart 1880-1886
    • Regesta Imperii Online. Abteilung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 911-1024)
    • P. Fedele: Tabularium S. Mariae Novae, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 23 (1900), p. 171 ff.
    • P. Fedele: Tabularium S.Prassede, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 27 (1904), p. 27 ff.
    • P. Fedele: Carte del monastero dei Ss. Cosma e Damiano in mica aurea, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 21 (1898), p. 459 ff.
    • V. Federici: Regesto del monastero dei S. Silvestro in Capite, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 22 (1899), p. 213 ff.
    • L. Schiapparelli: Le carte antiche dell'archivio Capitolare di S. Pietro in Vaticano, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 24 (1901), p. 393 ff.
  42. Authors which affirm their promotions to the cardinalate do not mention any documentary proofs for it; therefore, it is hard to identify and to examine the primary sources for these statements.
  43. Cardella, p. 77
  44. Apparently a chronological error that resulted from a confusion of pope Marinus II (942–946) with his namesake Marinus I (882–884). Bishop Boniface occupied the see of Sutri in 882, under Pope Marinus I, but in 940s no bishop with this name is attested in this diocese, see Pius B. Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 729; cf. Schwartz, p. 263
  45. Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 158. The names of the cardinal-bishops have been taken from the documents of Roman council in 869.
  46. Italia Pontificia 5, p. 190 no. 3
  47. Full text in Watterich, I, p. 681-682; cf. Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 352; the names of the cardinal-bishops have been taken from the documents of Roman council in 869.
  48. Jaffé, p. 469 no. 3707
  49. Italia Pontificia 6 pt. 1, p. 334 no. 2.
  50. Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 520
  51. Italia Pontificia 5, p. 133 no. 1; Migne, vol. 137col. 335

Sources

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