Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
| Neurogenic diabetes insipidus | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | endocrinology |
| ICD-10 | E23.2 |
| ICD-9-CM | 253.5 |
| MeSH | D020790 |
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus, more commonly known as central diabetes insipidus, is due to a lack of vasopressin production in the brain. Vasopressin acts to increase the volume of blood (intravascularly), and decrease the volume of urine produced. Therefore, a lack of it causes increased urine production and volume depletion.
It is also known as "neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus".[1][2] This condition has only polyuria in common with diabetes and although not mutually exclusive, with most typical cases, the name diabetes insipidus is a misleading misnomer.[3] A better name might be "hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal ADH deficiency".
Causes
Idiopathic
In at least 25% of cases (the most commonly occurring classification), neurogenic diabetes insipidus is idiopathic, meaning that the lack of vasopressin production arose from an unknown cause.[4] It is also due to damage of the hypothalamus, pituitary stalk, posterior pituitary, and can arise from head trauma.
Acquired
The lack of vasopressin production usually results from some sort of damage to the pituitary gland. It may be caused due to damage to the brain caused by:
- Benign suprasellar tumors (20% of cases)[4]
- Infections (encephalitis, tuberculosis etc.)
- Trauma (17% of cases)[4] or neurosurgery (9% of cases)[4]
- Non-infectious granuloma (sarcoidosis, Langerhan's cell histiocytosis etc.)
- Leukaemia
- Autoimmune - associated with thyroiditis
- Other rare causes which include hemochromatosis and histiocytosis.
Vasopressin is released by the posterior pituitary, but unlike most other pituitary hormones, vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus can be a failure of production at the hypothalamus, or a failure of release at the pituitary.[5]
Genetic
The most rare form of central DI is familial neurogenic diabetes insipidus. This form of DI is due to an inherited mutation of the arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II (AVP-NPII) gene, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.[6] At one point, only 45 families worldwide were known to possess this genetic trait.[7] It is now more widely recognized, although the precise number of people affected with this form of DI is unknown at the present time.
There is also an X-linked familial form.
Wolfram Syndrome (also called DIDMOAD) is characterised by DI, diabetes mellitus nerve deafness and optic atrophy.
Treatment
The disorder is treated with vasopressin analogs such as Desmopressin.
See also
References
- ↑ Chitturi S, Harris M, Thomsett MJ, et al. (December 2008). "Utility of AVP gene testing in familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 69 (6): 926–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03303.x. PMID 18494865.
- ↑ Lee YW, Lee KW, Ryu JW, et al. (2008). "Mutation of Glu78 of the AVP-NPII gene impairs neurophysin as a carrier protein for arginine vasopressin in a family with neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus". Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 38 (1): 12–4. PMID 18316776.
- ↑ "The Pathogenesis of Diabetes Insipidus". Journal of the American Medical Association. 49: 499. doi:10.1001/jama.1907.02530060049004.
- 1 2 3 4 "Diabetes Inspidus". Library of the National Medical Society. 2008. http://www.medical-library.org/journals4a/diabetes_insipidus.htm
- ↑ "Central Diabetes Insipidus: Pituitary Gland Disorders: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook". Retrieved 2009-04-04.
- ↑ "Diabetes Inspidus". The Doctor's Doctor. 2005. http://www.thedoctorsdoctor.com/diseases/diabetes_insipidus.htm
- ↑ "Familial Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus: a disease caused by a traffic jam?". The Diabetes Insipidus Foundation. 2006. http://diabetesinsipidus.org/4di_familial.htm