Chromosome 22 (human)

Chromosome 22 (human)
Pair of human chromosome 22 (after G-banding). One is from mother, one is from father.
Chromosome 22 pair in human male karyogram.
Features
Length (bp)	51,304,566
Number of genes	956 (NCBI) 1,110 (EBI)
Type	Autosome
Centromere position	Acrocentric[1]
Identifiers
RefSeq	NC_000022
GenBank	CM000684

Ideogram of human chromosome 22. Mbp means mega base pair. See locus for other notation.

Chromosome 22 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells. Humans normally have two copies of Chromosome 22 in each cell. Chromosome 22 is the second smallest human chromosome (chromosome 21 being smaller), spanning about 49 million DNA base pairs and representing between 1.5 and 2% of the total DNA in cells.

In 1999, researchers working on the Human Genome Project announced they had determined the sequence of base pairs that make up this chromosome. Chromosome 22 was the first human chromosome to be fully sequenced.^[2]

Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research, because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Chromosome 22 contains about 693 genes.

Chromosome 22 was originally identified as the smallest chromosome. After extensive research, however, researchers concluded that chromosome 21 was smaller. The numbering of these chromosomes wasn't rearranged because of chromosome 21 being known by that designation as the chromosome that can lead to Down syndrome.

Genes

The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 22:

• ADM2: encoding protein ADM2
• APOBEC3B: encoding protein Probable DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3B
• ARFGAP3: encoding protein ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 3
• ASCC2: encoding protein Activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2
• C22orf9: encoding protein Uncharacterized protein C22orf9

Locus	Gene	Description	Condition
22q11.1-q11.2	IGL@	Asymmetric crying facies (Cayler cardiofacial syndrome)
22q11.21	TBX1	T-box 1
22q11	RTN4R	Reticulon 4 receptor	Schizophrenia
22q11.21-q11.23	COMT	catechol-O-methyltransferase gene
22q12.1-q13.1	NEFH	neurofilament, heavy polypeptide 200kDa
22q12.1[3]	CHEK2	CHK2 checkpoint homolog (S. pombe)
22q12.2	NF2	neurofibromin 2	bilateral acoustic neuroma
22q13	SOX10	SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 10
22q13.1	APOL1	Apolipoprotein L1
22q13.2	EP300	E1A binding protein p300
22q13.3	WNT7B	Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7B	22q13 deletion syndrome
22q13.3	SHANK3	SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3	22q13 deletion syndrome
22q13.3	SULT4A1	sulfotransferase family 4A, member 1	22q13 deletion syndrome
22q13.3	PARVB	parvin beta (cytoskeleton organization and cell adhesion)	22q13 deletion syndrome

Diseases and disorders

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 22:

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Breast cancer
• DiGeorge Syndrome
• Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
• 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
• 22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
• 22q13 deletion syndrome or Phelan-McDermid syndrome
• Ewing sarcoma
• Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome
• Metachromatic leukodystrophy
• Neurofibromatosis type 2
• Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
• Waardenburg syndrome
• Cat eye syndrome
• Methemoglobinemia
• Schizophrenia^[4]

Chromosomal conditions

The following conditions are caused by changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 22:

• 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Most people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are missing about 3 million base pairs on one copy of chromosome 22 in each cell. The deletion occurs near the middle of the chromosome at a location designated as q11.2. This region contains about 30 genes, but many of these genes have not been well characterized. A small percentage of affected individuals have shorter deletions in the same region.
  The loss of one particular gene, TBX1, is thought to be responsible for many of the characteristic features of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, such as heart defects, an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate), distinctive facial features, and low calcium levels. A loss of this gene does not appear to cause learning disabilities, however. Other genes in the deleted region are also likely to contribute to the signs and symptoms of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
• 22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
• 22q13 deletion syndrome
• Other chromosomal conditions: Other changes in the number or structure of chromosome 22 can have a variety of effects, including mental retardation, delayed development, physical abnormalities, and other medical problems. These changes include an extra piece of chromosome 22 in each cell (partial trisomy), a missing segment of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy), and a circular structure called ring chromosome 22 that is caused by the breakage and reattachment of both ends of the chromosome.
• Cat-eye syndrome is a rare disorder most often caused by a chromosomal change called an inverted duplicated 22. A small extra chromosome is made up of genetic material from chromosome 22 that has been abnormally duplicated (copied). The extra genetic material causes the characteristic signs and symptoms of cat-eye syndrome, including an eye abnormality called ocular iris coloboma (a gap or split in the colored part of the eye), small skin tags or pits in front of the ear, heart defects, kidney problems, and, in some cases, delayed development.
• A rearrangement (translocation) of genetic material between chromosomes 9 and 22 is associated with several types of blood cancer (leukemia). This chromosomal abnormality, which is commonly called the Philadelphia chromosome, is found only in cancer cells. The Philadelphia chromosome has been identified in most cases of a slowly progressing form of blood cancer called chronic myeloid leukemia, or CML. It also has been found in some cases of more rapidly progressing blood cancers (acute leukemias). The presence of the Philadelphia chromosome can help predict how the cancer will progress and provides a target for molecular therapies.
• Emanuel Syndrome is a translocation of chromosomes 11 and 22. Originally known as Supernumerary der(22) Syndrome, it occurs when an individual has an extra chromosome composed of pieces of the 11th and 22nd chromosomes.
• the 22q11 locus contains the subgenes for immunoglobulin light chain lambda: Interestingly, the immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus contains protein-coding genes that can be lost with its rearrangement.^[5] This is based on a physiological mechanism and is not pathogenetic for leukemias or lymphomas.^[6] However,the rearrangement of several lambda variable subgenes can activate expression of an overlapping miRNA gene, which has consequences for gene expression regulation.^[7]

References

1. "Table 2.3: Human chromosome groups". Human Molecular Genetics (2nd ed.). Garland Science. 1999.
2. Mayor, Susan (1999). "First human chromosome is sequenced". BMJ. BMJ Group. 319 (7223): 1453. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7223.1453a. PMC 1117192. PMID 10582915.
3. Beck, Megan; Peterson, Jess F.; McConnell, Juliann; McGuire, Marianne; Asato, Miya; Losee, Joseph E.; Surti, Urvashi; Madan-Khetarpal, Suneeta; Rajkovic, Aleksandar; Yatsenko, Svetlana A. (May 2015). "Craniofacial abnormalities and developmental delay in two families with overlapping 22q12.1 microdeletions involving the gene". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 167 (5): 1047–1053. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36839.
4. Liu H, Abecasis GR, Heath SC, Knowles A, Demars S, Chen YJ, Roos JL, Rapoport JL, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M (December 2002). "Genetic variation in the 22q11 locus and susceptibility to schizophrenia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16859–64. doi:10.1073/pnas.232186099. PMC 139234. PMID 12477929.
5. Mraz, M.; Stano Kozubik, K.; Plevova, K.; Musilova, K.; Tichy, B.; Borsky, M.; Kuglik, P.; Doubek, M.; Brychtova, Y.; Mayer, J.; Pospisilova, S. (2013). "The origin of deletion 22q11 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is related to the rearrangement of immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus". Leukemia Research. 37 (7): 802–808. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2013.03.018. PMID 23608880.
6. Mraz, M.; Stano Kozubik, K.; Plevova, K.; Musilova, K.; Tichy, B.; Borsky, M.; Kuglik, P.; Doubek, M.; Brychtova, Y.; Mayer, J.; Pospisilova, S. (2013). "The origin of deletion 22q11 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is related to the rearrangement of immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus". Leukemia Research. 37 (7): 802–808. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2013.03.018. PMID 23608880.
7. Mraz, M.; Dolezalova, D.; Plevova, K.; Stano Kozubik, K.; Mayerova, V.; Cerna, K.; Musilova, K.; Tichy, B.; Pavlova, S.; Borsky, M.; Verner, J.; Doubek, M.; Brychtova, Y.; Trbusek, M.; Hampl, A.; Mayer, J.; Pospisilova, S. (2012). "MicroRNA-650 expression is influenced by immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and affects the biology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Blood. 119 (9): 2110–2113. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-11-394874. PMID 22234685.

Further reading

• Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP (1999). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22". Nature. 402 (6761): 489–95. doi:10.1038/990031. PMID 10591208.
• Gilbert F (1998). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 22". Genet Test. 2 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1089/gte.1998.2.89. PMID 10464604.
• Kurzrock R, Kantarjian HM, Druker BJ, Talpaz M (2003). "Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias: from basic mechanisms to molecular therapeutics". Ann Intern Med. 138 (10): 819–30. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-10-200305200-00010. PMID 12755554.
• Maynard TM, Haskell GT, Lieberman JA, LaMantia AS (2002). "22q11 DS: genomic mechanisms and gene function in DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome". Int J Dev Neurosci. 20 (3–5): 407–19. doi:10.1016/S0736-5748(02)00050-3. PMID 12175881.
• McDermid HE, Morrow BE (2002). "Genomic disorders on 22q11". Am J Hum Genet. 70 (5): 1077–88. doi:10.1086/340363. PMC 447586. PMID 11925570.
• McDonald-McGinn DM, Kirschner R, Goldmuntz E, Sullivan K, Eicher P, Gerdes M, Moss E, Solot C, Wang P, Jacobs I, Handler S, Knightly C, Heher K, Wilson M, Ming JE, Grace K, Driscoll D, Pasquariello P, Randall P, Larossa D, Emanuel BS, Zackai EH (1999). "The Philadelphia story: the 22q11.2 deletion: report on 250 patients". Genet Couns. 10 (1): 11–24. PMID 10191425.
• Rinn JL, Euskirchen G, Bertone P, Martone R, Luscombe NM, Hartman S, Harrison PM, Nelson FK, Miller P, Gerstein M, Weissman S, Snyder M (2003). "The transcriptional activity of human Chromosome 22". Genes Dev. 17 (4): 529–40. doi:10.1101/gad.1055203. PMC 195998. PMID 12600945.
• Wilson HL, Wong AC, Shaw SR, Tse WY, Stapleton GA, Phelan MC, Hu S, Marshall J, McDermid HE, et al. (2003). "Molecular characterisation of the 22q13 deletion syndrome supports the role of haploinsufficiency of SHANK3/PROSASP2 in the major neurological symptoms". J Med Genet. 40 (8): 575–584. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.8.575. PMC 1735560. PMID 12920066.