Class-XD Amplifier

Crossover Displacement Technology

Class XD (or Crossover Displacement) is a proprietary and patented amplifier technology developed in-house by the engineering team at London based, Cambridge Audio. First appearing in 2006 - and featured in the company’s Azur 840A integrated amplifier - the Crossover Displacement design sought to combine the outright performance of a traditional Class A design with the overall efficiency of Class B but without the linearity and distortion limitations of Class AB. The technology would help the 840A be selected as the 2007/2008 two-channel amplifier of the year at the prestigious EISA Awards. In Class A amplification the output transistors are modulated by the audio signal to turn more or less ‘on’ but never actually turn off, however in Class B the output transistors actually at some point turn off as the output is passed from one transistor to another.

It is at the point at which the output moving from one transistor to another (the crossover point) that a small amount of distortion is created. This crossover distortion is inevitable and although it can be minimized, it can be shown that it cannot be completely eliminated.

Amplifier technology

Class A

Avoids this crossover distortion (because the transistors are always on) but at the expense of a lot of heat generation. Managing this heat and power dissipation inevitably means that Class A designs are much more expensive to implement and often of lower power output so as to minimize the heat build-up as much as possible.

Class B

Inherently generates crossover distortion, and inconveniently displays this non-linearity at the zero-crossing, where it is always in evidence no matter how low the signal amplitude. At one unique value of quiescent current the distortion produced is a minimum, and this is what characterizes optimal Class B; however at no value can it be made to disappear. It is in fact inherent in the classical Class B operation of a pair of output transistors.

Class XD

It would be much more desirable to have an amplifier that would give Class A performance up to the transition level, with Class B after that, rather than AB. This would abolish the AB gain changes that cause extra distortion. This is the basic Class XD principle, and it’s a very simple one, develop a topology that displaces the crossover point to one side of zero crossing - it can be either positive or negative. This is achieved by the injection of an extra current, into the output point of a conventional Class B amplifier. The added ‘displacement’ current does not directly alter the voltage at the output - the output stage inherently has low output impedance, and this is further lowered by the use of global negative feedback. What it does do is alter the pattern of current flowing in the output devices. The displacement current can be sunk to V- from the output, or sourced from V+, so the crossover region is either displaced downward or is pulled upwards. This is arbitrary as the direction of displacement makes no difference, either could be used.

The Advantages

• Class XD pushes crossover distortion away from the central point where the amplifier output spends most of its time

• Below the transition point the amplifier actually runs in pure Class A with no crossover artifacts at all

• Above the transition point the amplifier moves into an optimized Class B with still lower distortion than is possible with Class AB

• Much lower heat than Class A, although more than conventional Class AB designs.

References

https://www.cambridgeaudio.com/blog/class-xd-explained

https://www.cambridgeaudio.com/technology/class-xd

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:840A_Class_XD_Amplifier_White_Paper.pdf