Comparison of programming languages by type system

This comparison of programming languages (type system) compares the features of type systems or their type checking for multiple programming languages.

Brief definitions

Language Type safety Type expression Type compatibility and equivalence Type checking
ActionScript 3.0 safe implicit with optional explicit typing static
Ada safe[TS 1] explicit nominal static
Aldor unsafe implicit static
ALGOL 58 safe explicit static
ALGOL 60 safe explicit static
ALGOL 68 safe explicit structural static & tagged unions
APL safe dynamic
AutoHotkey typeless n/a n/a n/a
Ateji PX safe explicit nominal static
Bash ? ? ? ?
BASIC safe explicit nominal static
BLISS typeless n/a n/a n/a
BeanShell safe nominal dynamic
Boo safe implicit with optional explicit typing static with optional dynamic typing
Bro safe implicit with optional explicit typing nominal static
C unsafe explicit nominal static
C++ (ISO/IEC 14882) unsafe explicit nominal static[TS 2]
C# unsafe[TS 3] implicit with optional explicit typing nominal static[TS 4]
Clean safe implicit static
Clojure safe implicit with optional explicit typing dynamic
COBOL safe explicit nominal static
ColdFusion (CFML) safe implicit dynamic
Common Lisp safe implicit with optional explicit typing dynamic
Curl safe nominal
Cython safe implicit with optional explicit typing nominal (extension types) and structural (Python) dynamic with optional static typing
D unsafe[TS 3] explicit nominal static
Dylan safe dynamic
Eiffel safe nominal static
Erlang safe implicit dynamic
Euphoria safe explicit, implicit with objects nominal static, dynamic with objects
F# safe implicit nominal static
Falcon safe implicit structural dynamic
Forth typeless n/a n/a n/a
Fortran safe explicit[TS 5] nominal static
Gambas safe explicit nominal
GLBasic safe explicit. Non-explicit declarations available through project options nominal static
Go[1] safe implicit with optional explicit typing structural static
Gosu safe partially implicit (local type inference) nominal (subclassing) and structural (structural) static
Groovy safe implicit with optional explicit typing dynamic with optional static typing
Harbour safe implicit with optional explicit typing dynamic
Haskell safe implicit with optional explicit typing structural static
Haxe safe implicit with optional explicit typing nominal (subclassing) and structural (structural) static with optional dynamic typing
Io safe implicit dynamic
ISLISP safe dynamic
J safe dynamic
Java safe[2] explicit nominal static
JavaScript safe implicit structural dynamic
Julia safe implicit with optional explicit typing[3] structural for implicit typing, nominal for explicit typing dynamic
Joy safe dynamic
Kotlin safe partially implicit (local type inference) nominal static
LabVIEW safe
Lua safe implicit dynamic
Maple safe dynamic
Mathematica safe dynamic
MATLAB M-code safe dynamic
Modula-2 unsafe[TS 3] explicit nominal static
Modula-3 unsafe[TS 3] explicit structural static
MUMPS (M) typeless n/a n/a n/a
Oberon safe explicit nominal static and partially dynamic[TS 6]
Objective-C safe explicit nominal dynamic with optional static typing[4]
OCaml safe implicit with optional explicit typing structural (records are nominal) static
Object Pascal safe explicit nominal static
Opa safe implicit with optional explicit typing structural static
Oxygene unsafe implicit static
Oz-Mozart safe implicit structural dynamic
Pascal unsafe[TS 3] explicit nominal static
Perl 5 implicit dynamic
Perl 6 partially implicit[TS 7] dynamic with optional static typing
PHP implicit with optional explicit typing dynamic
Plus safe explicit structural static, dynamic (optional)
Prolog dynamic
Pure dynamic
Python safe implicit structural dynamic
REBOL safe implicit dynamic
Rexx typeless n/a, implicit wrt numbers n/a static+dynamic wrt numbers
RPG unsafe static
Ruby safe implicit structural dynamic
Rust safe implicit with optional explicit typing static
S dynamic
S-Lang safe implicit dynamic
Scala safe partially implicit (local type inference) nominal (subclassing) and structural (structural) static
Scheme safe implicit dynamic (latent)
Seed7 safe explicit nominal static
Simula safe static[TS 8]
Smalltalk safe implicit dynamic
Swift safe partially implicit (local type inference) nominal (subclassing) and structural (structural) static
Standard ML safe implicit with optional explicit typing structural static
Tcl dynamic
Visual Basic safe implicit with optional explicit typing nominal static
Visual Basic .NET unsafe[TS 3] explicit static
Visual Prolog safe partially implicit nominal static
Wolfram Language safe dynamic
Windows PowerShell safe implicit dynamic
XL safe nominal static
Xojo safe explicit nominal static
XPath/XQuery safe partially implicit nominal dynamic with optional static typing
Language Type safety Type expression Type compatibility among composites Type checking
  1. ↑ Unsafe operations are well isolated by a "Unchecked_" prefix.
  2. ↑ with optional dynamic type casting (see dynamic cast)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 It is almost safe, unsafe features are not commonly used.
  4. ↑ with optional dynamic type (see dynamic member lookup)
  5. ↑ Optionally, typing can be explicitly implied by the first letter of the identifier (known as implicit typing within the Fortran community).
  6. ↑ dynamic checking of type extensions i.e. inherited types
  7. ↑ explicit for static types
  8. ↑ optional for formal and virtual procedures
  1. ↑ The Go Programming Language Specification
  2. ↑ Sheng Liang, Gilad Bracha. Dynamic class loading in the Java virtual machine. Volume 33, Issue 10 of ACM SIGPLAN Notices, October 1998.
  3. ↑ http://julia.readthedocs.org/en/latest/manual/types/
  4. ↑ Developer.apple.com Archived June 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
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