Cross-layer optimization

Cross-layer optimization is an escape from the pure waterfall-like concept of the OSI communications model with virtually strict boundaries between layers. The cross layer approach transports feedback dynamically via the layer boundaries to enable the compensation for e.g. overload, latency or other mismatch of requirements and resources by any control input to another layer but that layer directly affected by the detected deficiency.[1][2]

In the original OSI networking model, strict boundaries between layers are enforced, where data are kept strictly within a given layer. Cross‑layer optimization removes such strict boundaries to allow communication between layers by permitting one layer to access the data of another layer to exchange information and enable interaction. For example, having knowledge of the current physical state will help a channel allocation scheme or automatic repeat request (ARQ) strategy at the MAC layer in optimizing tradeoffs and achieving throughput maximization.[3]

Especially in information routing with concurrent demand for limited capacity of channels there may be a need for a concept of intervention to balance between e.g. the needs of intelligible speech transmission and of sufficiently dynamic control commands. Any fixed allocation of resources will lead to a mismatch under special conditions of operations. Any highly dynamic change of resource allocation might affect the intelligibility of voice or the steadiness of videos. However, as with other optimizing strategies, the algorithm consumes time as well.[4]

Adjusting quality of service

Cross-layer optimization shall contribute to an improvement of quality of services under various operational conditions. Such adaptive quality of service management is currently subject of various patent applications, as e.g.[5] The cross-layer control mechanism provides a feedback on concurrent quality information for the adaptive setting of control parameters. The control scheme apply

Tailoring to resource efficiency of cross-layer

The quality aspect is not the only approach to tailor the cross-layer optimization strategy. The control adjusted to availability of limited resources is the first mandatory step to achieve at least a minimum level of quality. Respective studies have been performed and will continue [6]

Adapting MAC scheduling based on PHY parameters

Communication systems that need to operate over media with non stationary background noise and interference may benefit from having a close coordination between the MAC layer (which is responsible for scheduling transmissions) and the PHY layer (which manages actual transmission and reception of data over the media) [7][8]

In some communications channels (for example, in power lines), noise and interference may be non-stationary and might vary synchronously with the 50 or 60 Hz AC current cycle. In scenarios like this, overall system performance can be improved if the MAC can get information from the PHY regarding when and how the noise and interference level is changing, so that the MAC can schedule transmission during the periods of time in which noise and interference levels are lower.[8]

An example of a communications system that allows this kind of Cross-layer optimization is the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables).

Issues

Some issues may arise with cross-layer design and optimization by creating unwanted effects as explained in.[9] Cross-layer design solutions that allow optimized operation for mobile devices in the modern heterogeneous wireless environment are described in,[10] where in addition the major open technical challenges in the cross-layer design research area are pointed out.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.ece.purdue.edu/~shroff/Shroff/journal/LSS06.pdf
  2. ↑ http://netlab.caltech.edu/pub/papers/tcpip-ton2004.pdf
  3. ↑ http://tr.ietejournals.org/downloadpdf.asp?issn=0256-4602;year=2012;volume=29;issue=3;spage=229;epage=247;aulast=Bin-Salem;type=2
  4. ↑ http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/lgl/papers/sab-adhocnow-04/sab-adhocnow-04.pdf
  5. ↑ Cross-layer integrated collision free path routing - US Patent 7339897
  6. ↑ http://www.nyman-workshop.org/2003/papers/Cross-Layer%20Optimization%20for%20Sensor%20Networks.pdf
  7. ↑ S. Shabdanov, P. Mitran, C. Rosenberg, "Cross-Layer Optimization Using Advanced Physical Layer Techniques in Wireless Mesh Networks", in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
  8. 1 2 Guowang Miao; Guocong Song (2014). Energy and spectrum efficient wireless network design. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107039886.
  9. ↑ V. Kawadia, P.R. Kumar, "A cautionary perspective on cross-layer design", in: IEEE Wireless Communications, Volume 12, Issue 1, Feb. 2005.
  10. ↑ F. Foukalas et al., "Cross-layer design proposals for wireless mobile networks: a survey and taxonomy "
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