Cultural safety

Cultural safety can be defined as the effective nursing practice of a person or family from another culture that is determined by that person or family [from Nursing Council of New Zealand, Guidelines for Cultural Safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and Maori Health in Nursing Education and Practice, 2011, p. 7]. Its origins are in nursing education and a culture can range anywhere from age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, religious beliefs, or even disabilities. An unsafe cultural practice is an action that demeans the cultural identity of a particular person or family. Cultural safety also has four different principles. The first one aims to improve health status and well-being of New Zealanders because the concept originated in New Zealand; on the other hand, the second one improves the delivery of health services. The third one focuses on the differences among the people who are being treated and accepting those differences. The fourth principle focuses on understanding the power of health services and how health care impacts individuals and families.

Origin

Cultural Safety has its origins in the field of nursing education.[1] The concept originated at a nursing leadership hui in 1989 after concerns were raised by Māori nursing students about the safety of Māori students in monocultural nursing schools and of Māori intellectual property when taught by tauiwi; it was further theorised and developed by Irihapeti Ramsden and the Nursing Council of New Zealand. Cultural safety has been further developed in Australia through education and social work practice, and has been incorporated into the Australian Association for Social Workers Code of Ethics (2010) following consultation with Indigenous social work practitioners in the wake of the national apology to the Stolen Generations in Australia in 2008.

Definition

The first definition, since revised, states that cultural safety is met through actions which recognise, respect, and nurture the unique cultural identity of Tangata Whenua, and safely meet their needs, expectations, and rights.[2]

The current definition of cultural safety is the effective nursing practice of a person or family/ whanau from another culture, and is determined by that person or family. Culture includes, but is not restricted to, age or generation; gender; sexual orientation; occupation and socio-economic status; ethnic origin or migrant experience; religious or spiritual beliefs; and disability.

The nurse/midwife delivering the nursing/ midwifery service will have undertaken a process of reflection on his/her cultural identity and will recognize the impact that his/her personal culture has on his/her professional practice. Unsafe cultural practice comprises any action which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the cultural identity and wellbeing of an individual.[3]


Principle 1

Cultural safety aims to improve the health status and wellbeing of New Zealanders and applies to all relationships through: 1) an emphasis on health gains and positive health and wellbeing outcomes; 2) acknowledging the beliefs and practices of those who differ from them. For example, this may be by: age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation and socio-economic status, ethnic origin or migrant experience, religious or spiritual belief, disability [4]

Principle 2

Cultural safety aims to enhance the delivery of health services through a culturally safe workforce by: 1) identifying the power relationship between the service provider and the people who use the service. The health care provider accepts and works alongside others after undergoing a careful process of institutional and personal analysis of power relationships; 2) empowering the users of the service. People should be able to express degrees of perceived risk or safety. For example, someone who feels unsafe may not be able to take full advantage of a service offered and may subsequently require more intrusive and serious intervention; 3) preparing health care providers to understand the diversity within their own cultural reality and the impact of that on any person who differs in any way from themselves; 4) applying social science concepts that underpin the practice of health care. Health care practice is more than carrying out tasks. It is about relating and responding effectively to people with diverse needs and strengths in a way that the people who use the service can define as safe[5]

Principle 3

Cultural safety is broad in its application: 1) recognising inequalities within health care, education, employment and societal interactions that represent the microcosm of inequalities in health, education, employment and society that have prevailed within our nation; 2) addressing the cause and effect relationship of history, political, social, and employment status, housing, education, gender and personal experience upon people who use psychological services; 3) accepting the legitimacy of difference and diversity in human behaviour and social structure; 4) accepting that the attitudes and beliefs, policies and practices of psychological service providers can act as barriers to service access; 5) concerning quality improvement in service delivery and consumer rights.

Principle 4

Cultural safety has a close focus on: 1) understanding the impact of the health care provided as a bearer of his/her own culture, history, attitudes and life experiences and the response other people make to these factors; 2) challenging health care providers to examine their practice carefully, recognising the power relationship in health care institutions is biased toward the provider of the service; 3) balancing the power relationships in the practices of health care so that every consumer receives an effective service; 4) preparing health care providers to resolve any tension between the culture of the health care institution, the culture on which health care theory and practice has traditionally been based, and the people using the services; 5) understanding that such power imbalances can be examined, negotiated and changed to provide equitable, effective, efficient and acceptable service delivery, which minimises risk to people who might otherwise be alienated from the service; 6) an understanding of self, the rights of others and legitimacy of difference should provide the psychologists with the skills to work with all people who are different from them.

Introduction into Nursing schools

Standards for the registration of nurses in all scopes of practice require the content of theory and practice related experience in nursing programmes to include cultural safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and Maori health.[6] Irihapete Ramsden said the woeful state of Maori health was a driving force for cultural safety's introduction into New Zealand's nursing schools. Maori had higher rates of asthma, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, cot death, ear infection leading to deafness and traffic accident injury involving alcohol and leading to death. Also, they had lower rates of immunisation, earned less and lived five to seven years less than non-Maori.[7]

Development

The concept developed in New Zealand[8] by nurses working with Māori that moves beyond the traditional concept of cultural sensitivity (being acceptable to difference) to analysing power imbalances, institutional discrimination, colonisation and relationships with colonisers. It develops the idea that to provide quality care for people from different ethnicities than the mainstream, health care providers must embraces the skill of self-reflection as a means to advancing a therapeutic encounter and provide care congruent with the knowledge that cultural values and norms of the patient are different from his/her own.

The concept is spreading to other fields of human services and to other areas of the world, particularly in areas with strong minorities of indigenous people in former European colonies.

For example, cultural safety is currently a concept that is used in the training of people in certain professions in Canada such as occupational therapists, nurses, and social workers to help work with Aboriginal populations. In Australia, the concept is also being applied to create sustainable supervision models, incorporating cultural and clinical supervision applying mindfulness through the practice of 'dadirri' or deep listening, acknowledging the value of Indigenous work practices and the input of Indigenous practice wisdom.

Strengths

According to Brascoupé (2009) "the long-term value of the concept of cultural safety as a tool for cultural regeneration is hard to assess and depends on the integrity of the processes that underlie the concept of cultural safety". Most cultural safety research has been completed in New Zealand and Australia's health-care field, but the statistical evidence of the benefits of cultural safety is lacking, and other evidence is largely qualitative and anecdotal. [9]

Controversies

Irihapeti Ramsden, the architect of cultural safety, stated that cultural safety training is too skewed toward Maori studies in many nursing courses.[10]

A number of controversies during the mid 1990s affected the concept of cultural safety in New Zealand. Critics claimed that nursing students were afraid to speak out about the excesses of cultural safety on their nursing degrees, presumably for concerns about failing their course after not meeting cultural safety requirements. Student nurse Anna Penn said she had been "bounced out" of her nursing course for being branded culturally unsafe by the polytechnic's kaumatua, the late Hohua Tutengaehe, after she questioned the denial of her right as a women to speak on a Marae.[11] She also challenged a tutor's claim that pre-European Maori had printing presses which were thrown into the sea by white colonials.[12] Penn subsequently attended a nursing course in Queensland, Australia, and is now a registered nurse in New Zealand.[13] In addition, Ex Waikato Polytechnic nursing tutor Brian Stabb said he had been sacked for being "culturally unsafe".[14] Mr Stabb wrote that "I have experienced it as a racial judgement which carries all the stigmas of the most rabid forms of racism. Further. it seems this label can be handed out willy nilly with little or no accounability. The rationale I have been offered is that, as tangata whenua, Maori have the unassailable right to make such judgements and are accountable only to other tangata whenua".[15]

Additionally, former students and a former tutor on the Wanganui Polytechnic social work course have alleged intimidation and threats by tutors and students if they attempted to question the course's promotion of "radical" Maori views. They have claimed, among other things, that separate classes were held for Maori and "tauiwi" (foreigners); that Maori students who failed last year were accepted into the second year; that Maori students were allowed to start the course one week before pakeha students because, in the words of a tutor, they had been disadvantaged all their lives and needed that extra week; that students were made to wear signs saying "Pakaitore (Moutoa Gardens) is Maori land" during the course's selection process and risked exclusion if they refused; and that a tutor who had no teaching qualifications spent most of the class time sitting outside smoking and reading the newspaper.[16]

Criticism

Critics have claimed that cultural safety is based on airy-fairy quasi-psychological subjects which has resulted in an abandonment of rigorous and theoretical task-based nursing.[17] Public opposition to cultural safety during the 1990s led to a Parliamentary Select Committee inquiry into its teaching, whilst a simultaneous review was carried out by the NZ Nursing Council.[18] After the review the NZ Nursing Council revised the guidelines for cultural safety in Nursing and Midwifery Education to placate public concern that cultural safety privileged Maori.

Cultural safety has been criticized for lacking a clear and comprehensive practice framework that is easily translated by, and responsive to, both culturally diverse health care providers and equally diverse health care recipients.[19]

References

  1. ↑ Treaty Resource Centre. (2009). Kawa Whakaruruhau: Cultural Safety. Retrieved from http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/subject-guides/med/docs/cultural-safety.pdf
  2. ↑ http://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/2411/02_whole.pdf?sequence=1
  3. ↑ Gerlach, A. J. (2012). A critical reflection on the concept of cultural safety. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(3), 151-8.
  4. ↑ New Zealand Psychologists Board.(2009). Guidelines for cultural safety. Retrieved from http://www.psychologistsboard.org.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=207
  5. ↑ New Zealand Psychologists Board.(2009). Guidelines for cultural safety. Retrieved from http://www.psychologistsboard.org.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=207
  6. ↑ Nursing Council of New Zealand. (n.d). Treaty of Waitangi. Retrieved from http://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/About-us/Treaty-of-Waitangi
  7. ↑ KITCHIN, P. (2003, Apr 10). Architect of cultural safety. Dominion Post
  8. ↑ "Williams,R (1999).Cultural safety — what does it mean for our work practice? Vol23/2 Australia and New Zealand Journal of Public Health". Retrieved July 2008. Check date values in: |access-date= (help) This article states that the phrase was originally coined by Maori nurses.
  9. ↑ Brascoupé, S. (2009). Cultural Safety Exploring the Applicability of the Concept of Cultural Safety to Aboriginal Health and Community
  10. ↑ JOHNSON, A. (2002, Dec 23). Training `skewed' to maori. Dominion Post
  11. ↑ http://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/2411/02_whole.pdf?sequence=1
  12. ↑ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10353763
  13. ↑ WELLWOOD, E. (1998, Apr 30). Penn `delighted' by NZ nursing council decision. The Press
  14. ↑ Reverse racism at wanganui polytech. (1997, Apr 28). Evening Post
  15. ↑ Stabb, B. (1995). How I became culturally unsafe. Kai Tiakia : Nursing New Zealand.
  16. ↑ Reverse racism at wanganui polytech. (1997, Apr 28). Evening Post
  17. ↑ Du Chateau, S. (1992). Culture Shock. Metro. June, 96-106
  18. ↑ http://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/2411/02_whole.pdf?sequence=1
  19. ↑ Gerlach, A. J. (2012). A critical reflection on the concept of cultural safety. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(3), 151-8.

Dominion Post [Wellington, New Zealand] 23 Aug 1997. 2nd ed. Cultural Safety.

New Zealand Nursing Council, 2011. Guidelines for cultural safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and maori health in nursing education and practice......


TRC, 2009. Kawa Whakaruruhau: Cultural Safety. Retrieved from http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/subject-guides/med/docs/cultural-safety.pdf

Wepa, D (ed) 2005 Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand. Auckland. Pearson Education

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