Cyclopamine

Not to be confused with ciclopramine.
Cyclopamine
Names
IUPAC name
(3β,23R)-17,23-Epoxyveratraman-3-ol
Other names
• 11-Deoxojervine
• (2′R,3S,3′R,3′aS,6′S,6aS,6bS,7′aR,11aS,11bR)-1,2,3,3′a,4,4′,5′,6,6′,6a,6b,7,7′,7'a,8,11,11a,11b-octadecahydro-3′,6′,10,11b-tetramethyl-spiro[9H-benzo[a]fluorene-9,2′(3′H)-furo[3,2-b]pyridin]-3-ol
Identifiers
4449-51-8 YesY
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
ChEMBL ChEMBL254129 YesY
ChemSpider 391275 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.156.363
PubChem 442972
UNII ZH658AJ192 YesY
Properties
C27H41NO2
Molar mass 411.63 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YesY verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Cyclopamine (11-deoxojervine) is a naturally occurring chemical that belongs to the group of steroidal jerveratrum alkaloids. It is a teratogen isolated from the corn lily (Veratrum californicum) that causes usually fatal birth defects. It can prevent the fetal brain from dividing into two lobes (holoprosencephaly) and cause the development of a single eye (cyclopia). It does so by inhibiting the hedgehog signaling pathway (Hh). Cyclopamine is useful in studying the role of Hh in normal development, and as a potential treatment for certain cancers in which Hh is overexpressed.

Cyclopamine was named for one-eyed lambs which were born to sheep which grazed on wild corn lily at a farm in Idaho. In 1957 the US Department of Agriculture started an eleven-year investigation which led to the identification of cyclopamine as the cause of the birth defect.[1]

Physiological effects

Head of a lamb born by a sheep that ate leaves of the corn lily plant. The cyclopia in the calf is induced by the cyclopamine present in the plant.

Cyclopamine inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway (Hh) by influencing the balance between the active and inactive forms of the smoothened protein.

Medical potential

Cyclopamine is currently being investigated as a treatment agent in basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma, tumors that result from excessive Hh activity,[2] glioblastoma, and as a treatment agent for multiple myeloma.

Studies suggest that cyclopamine acts as a primary inhibitor of the hedgehog signaling pathway in cells. This pathway named for the ligand for the signal protein, is used by cells to help them react to external chemical signals. The pathway carries out important functions in embryonic development and when it goes awry, deformities can occur. However, errant activation of the pathway can also trigger cancer in adult humans, leading to basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and prostate, pancreatic and breast cancers. A way of controlling the pathway using cyclopamine could turn this problem on its head and provide a way to treat cancer. Many anticancer drugs are paradoxically carcinogenic in healthy individuals.[3]

The cyclopamine derivative IPI-926 is in clinical trials for the treatment of various types of cancer.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Herper, Matthew (2005-11-28). "The Curious Case of The One-Eyed Sheep". Forbes.
  2. ↑ Beachy, Philip A.; Taipale, Jussi; Chen, James K.; Cooper, Michael K.; Wang, Baolin; Mann, Randall K.; Milenkovic, Ljiljana; Scott, Matthew P. (2000-08-31). "Effects of oncogenic mutations in Smoothened and Patched can be reversed by cyclopamine". Nature. 406 (6799): 1005–9. doi:10.1038/35023008. PMID 10984056.
  3. ↑ David Bradley (2009-08-15). "Keeping an eye on anticancer drug". NMR Knowledge Base.
  4. ↑ "Pipeline: IPI-926". Infinity Pharmaceuticals.
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