Deicing fluid

Ground deicing of aircraft is commonly performed in both commercial and general aviation. The fluids used in this operation are called deicing or anti-icing fluids. The abbreviations ADF (Aircraft Deicing Fluid) or AAF (Aircraft Anti-icing Fluid) are commonly used.[1]

Types

Deicing an aircraft during a snow event.

Deicing fluids come in a variety of types, and are typically composed of ethylene glycol (EG) or propylene glycol (PG), along with other ingredients such as thickening agents, surfactants (wetting agents), corrosion inhibitors, and colored, UV-sensitive dye. Propylene glycol-based fluid is more common due to the fact that it is less toxic than ethylene glycol.

SAE International (formerly known as the Society of Automotive Engineers) publishes standards (SAE AMS 1428 and AMS 1424) for four different types of aviation deicing fluids:

  1. Type I fluids have a low viscosity, and are considered "unthickened". They provide only short term protection because they quickly flow off surfaces after use. They are typically sprayed on hot (130–180 °F, 55-80 °C) at high pressure to remove snow, ice, and frost. Usually they are dyed orange to aid in identification and application.
  2. Type II fluids are pseudoplastic, which means they contain a polymeric thickening agent to prevent their immediate flow off aircraft surfaces. Typically the fluid film will remain in place until the aircraft attains 100 knots (190 km/h) or so, at which point the viscosity breaks down due to shear stress. The high speeds required for viscosity breakdown means that this type of fluid is useful only for larger aircraft. The use of Type II fluids is diminishing in favour of Type IV. Type II fluids are generally light yellow in color.
  3. Type III fluids can be thought of as a compromise between Type I and Type II fluids. They are intended for use on slower aircraft, with a rotation speed of less than 100 knots. Type III fluids are generally light yellow in color.
  4. Type IV fluids meet the same AMS standards as Type II fluids, but they provide a longer holdover time. They are typically dyed green to aid in the application of a consistent layer of fluid.

The International Organization for Standardization publishes equivalent standards (ISO 11074 and ISO 11078), defining the same four types.

Deicing fluids containing thickeners (Types II, III, and IV) are also known as anti-icing fluids, because they are used primarily to prevent icing from re-occurring after an initial deicing with a Type I fluid.

Chemical composition

The main component of deicing fluid is a freezing point depressant (FPD), usually propylene glycol or ethylene glycol. Other ingredients vary depending on the manufacturer, but the exact composition of a particular brand of fluid is generally held as confidential proprietary information.

Based on chemical analysis, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has identified five main classes of additives widely used among manufacturers:

  1. Benzotriazole and methyl-substituted benzotriazole, used as corrosion inhibitor/flame retardants to reduce flammability resulting from the corrosion of metal components carrying a direct current.
  2. Alkylphenol and alkylphenol ethoxylates, nonionic surfactants used to reduce surface tension.
  3. Triethanolamine, used as a pH buffer.
  4. High molecular weight, nonlinear polymers, used to increase viscoelasticity.
  5. Colored dyes, such as azo, xanthene, triphenyl methane, and anthroquinone, used to aid in identification.[2]:46

Usage statistics

The amount of fluid necessary to deice an aircraft depends on a wide variety of factors. Deicing a large commercial aircraft typically consumes between 500 US gallons (1,900 L) and 1,000 US gallons (3,800 L) of diluted fluid.

The cost of fluid varies widely due to market conditions. The amount deicing service companies charge end users is generally in the range of US$8 to US$12 per diluted gallon (US$2,1 to US$3,2 per litre).

The total annual usage of deicing fluids in the U.S. is estimated to be approximately 25 million US gallons (95,000,000 L), broken down as follows (figures from 2008, adjusted to show totals for undiluted fluid):[2]:43

Fluid type Annual amount Fraction
Type I Propylene Glycol 19,305,000 US gal (73,080,000 L) 77.1%
Type IV Propylene Glycol 2,856,000 US gal (10,810,000 L) 11.4%
Type I Ethylene Glycol 2,575,000 US gal (9,750,000 L) 10.3%
Type IV Ethylene Glycol 306,000 US gal (1,160,000 L) 1.2%

Measurement of performance

Deicing fluid performance is primarily measured by Holdover Time (HOT), and Lowest Operational Use Temperature (LOUT).

Holdover Time (HOT) is the length of time an aircraft can wait after being treated prior to takeoff. Holdover time is influenced by the fluid dilution, ambient temperature, wind, precipitation, humidity, aircraft skin material, aircraft skin temperature, and other factors. If the Holdover Time is exceeded the aircraft must be re-treated before takeoff.

Lowest Operational Use Temperature (LOUT) is the lowest temperature at which a de/anti-icing fluid will adequately flow off aircraft critical surfaces and maintain the required anti-icing freezing point buffer which is 7 °C (13 °F) below outside air temperature (OAT).

In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publishes official Holdover Time and Lowest Operational Use Temperature tables for all approved deicing fluids, and revises them annually.[3]

For Type I fluids, the Holdover Time listed in the FAA tables ranges from 1 to 22 minutes, depending on the above-mentioned situational factors. For Type IV fluids the Holdover Time ranges from 9 minutes to 160 minutes.

Dilution

Deicing fluids work best when they are diluted with water. For example, undiluted Dow UCAR Deicing Fluid[4] (Type I ethylene glycol), has a freezing point of −28 °C. Water, of course, freezes at 0 °C. However, a mixture of 70 percent deicing fluid and 30 percent water freezes below −55 °C. This is known as the eutectic concentration, where the freezing point of the mixture is at its lowest point, and lower than either of the component substances.

Depending on the manufacturer, deicing fluids may be sold in concentrated or pre-diluted formulations. Dilution, where necessary, must be done according to ambient weather condition and the manufacturer's instructions in order to minimize costs while maintaining safety.

The dilution of a particular sample of fluid (and hence its freezing point) can be easily confirmed by measuring its refractive index with a refractometer, and looking up the result in the deicing fluid manufacturer's tables.

Standards Compliance

Manufacturers of aviation deicing fluids must certify that their products conform to the AMS 1424 and 1428 standards using the defined High Speed Ramp Test, Low Speed Ramp Test, and Water Spray Endurance Test.[5]

The objective of these standards is to ensure acceptable aerodynamic characteristics of the deicing/anti-icing fluids as they flow off aircraft lifting and control surfaces during the takeoff ground acceleration and climb.

With the development of non-glycol deicing fluids these standards are evolving to address additional factors such as corrosion, foaming, thickening, residue formation, slipperiness, and mold formation.[6]

Cautions

The repeated application of Type II, Type III or Type IV anti-icing fluid may cause residues to collect in aerodynamic quiet areas, cavities and gaps. These residues may rehydrate and freeze under certain temperature changes, in high humidity and/or rain conditions. In addition, they may block or impede critical flight control systems.

An appropriate inspection and cleaning program should be established when using these types of fluids.[7]

Environmental impacts

Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are known to exert high levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) during degradation in surface waters. Large quantities of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water column are consumed when microbial populations decompose propylene glycol.[8]:2–23 This process can adversely affect other aquatic life by consuming oxygen needed for their survival.

Thickened fluids typically use alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) surfactants, the biodegradation products of which have been shown to be endocrine disruptors, and as such these are banned in Europe and are under EPA scrutiny in the U.S. A number of fluids also use benzyltriazole or tolytriazole corrosion inhibitors, which are toxic and non-biodegradable and thus persist in the environment. [9]

Because of this environmental impact research is ongoing to find less problematic alternatives. [10] This is proving to be challenging due to the many performance and safety factors that need to be considered. [6]

At least one FAA approved deicing fluid (Kilfrost DF Sustain) is now using 1,3-propanediol (a fermentation product of corn) as a freezing point depressant instead of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. [11]

Other strategies can be used to minimize the environmental impact of deicing fluids such as collecting used fluid and using the maximum dilution consistent with safety.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Transport Canada, Ottawa, ON (2016). "TP 14052. Guidelines for Aircraft Ground-Icing Operations. Chapter 8. Fluids." Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  2. 1 2 Technical Development Document for the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Airport Deicing Category (Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). April 2012. EPA-821-R-12-005.
  3. ↑ U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C. "Aircraft Ground Deicing."
  4. ↑ "UCAR(tm) Aircraft Deicing Fluids for Safe Winter Operations" (PDF). Dow Chemical.
  5. ↑ SAE International (2007). "Standard Test Method for Aerodynamic Acceptance of SAE AMS 1424 and SAE AMS 1428 Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing Fluids.".
  6. 1 2 SAE International (2011). "Issues and Testing of Non-Glycol Aircraft Ground Deicing Fluids." doi:10.4271/2011-38-0058
  7. ↑ U.K. Civil Aviation Authority De-Icing and Anti-Icing Fluid Cautions
  8. ↑ Environmental Impact and Benefit Assessment for the Final Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for the Airport Deicing Category (Report). EPA. April 2012. EPA-821-R-12-003.
  9. ↑ US 8562854, ""Compositions for deicing/anti-icing"", issued 2013-10-22
  10. ↑ Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Cooperative Research Program (April 2010). "Alternative Aircraft and Pavement Deicers and Anti-icing Formulations with Improved Environmental Characteristics." Research Results Digest 9.
  11. ↑ US 20090283713, ""Environmentally benign anti-icing or deicing fluids employing industrial streams comprising hydroxycarboxylic acid salts and/or other effective deicing/anti-icing agents""
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