Defence Medal (United Kingdom)

The Defence Medal
Awarded by the Monarch of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, and Emperor of India
Country	United Kingdom
Type	Campaign medal
Eligibility	Military and certain civilian service
Awarded for	1,080, 360, 180 or 90 days, depending on area and nature of service
Campaign	Second World War
Statistics
Established	May 1945
Order of wear
Next (higher)	France and Germany Star
Next (lower)	War Medal
Ribbon bar

The Defence Medal is a campaign medal which was instituted by the United Kingdom in May 1945, to be awarded to subjects of the British Commonwealth for both non-operational military and certain types of civilian service during the Second World War.^[1][2]

Institution

The duration of the Second World War in Europe was from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945, while in the Pacific Theatre it continued until 2 September 1945. The Defence Medal was instituted by the United Kingdom in May 1945, to be awarded to British military and civilian personnel for a range of services in the United Kingdom, and to British, British Commonwealth and British Colonial personnel who served from or outside their home countries in a non-operational area or in an area subject to threat, such as attacks from the air.^[2][3]

Award criteria

The Defence Medal was awarded for non-operational service in the Armed Forces, the Home Guard, the Civil Defence Service and other approved civilian services during the period from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945 inclusive.^[1][4]

Military personnel

In the United Kingdom, this included military personnel working in headquarters, on training bases and airfields for the duration of the War in Europe from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945, and service by members of the Home Guard during its existence from 14 May 1940 to 31 December 1944. The medal was also awarded for non-operational service overseas in the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, India and the Colonies.^[2][4]

Those who qualified for the award of any one of the Campaign Stars, could be awarded the Defence Medal in addition, and the subsequent award of one of the Campaign Stars did not supersede a previous award of the Defence Medal.^[1]

Civilian services

Eligible civilian service in the United Kingdom included, but was not confined to, civilian services whose members were eligible for Chevrons for war service.^[1]

• Civil Defence services established by a Government Department or Local Authority.
  • Wardens Service, including Shelter Wardens.
  • Rescue Service, including former First-Aid Party Service.
  • Decontamination Service.
  • Report and Control Service.
  • Messenger Service.
  • Ambulance Service. including Sitting Case Cars.
  • First-Aid Service, including First-Aid Posts and Points, Public Cleansing Centres, Mobile Cleansing Units and the Nursing Service for public air-raid shelters.
• Local Authority Civil Defence Services.
  • Rest Centre Service.
  • Emergency Food Service, including the Queen's Messenger Convoy Service.
  • Canteen Service.
  • Emergency Information Service.
  • Mortuary Service.
• National Fire Service, including service in a local authority Fire Brigade or the Auxiliary Fire Service prior to nationalisation.
• The Police, Royal Marine Police Special Reserve, Admiralty Civil Police, War Department Constabulary, Air Ministry Constabulary, Railway Police and Dock Police.
• American Ambulance, Great Britain.
• Civil Air Transport.
• Civil Defence Reserve, Kent County Civil Defence Mobile Reserve and West Sussex County Civil Defence Mobile Reserve.
• Civil Nursing Reserve.
• Civilian Technical Corps.
• Coast Guard.
• Fire Guards who performed duties under the local authorities, or at Government or business premises.
• Lighthouse keepers who served under the three Lighthouse Authorities and keepers of Light-Vessels under those authorities, who did not qualify for the 1939-1945 Star.
• Nurses in hospitals for which Government Departments or local authorities were responsible, or in the recognised Voluntary hospitals.
• Port of London Authority River Emergency Service.
• Clyde River Patrol.
• Royal Observer Corps.
• Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence, whose members could qualify provided:
  • They were enrolled in an eligible local authority Civil Defence Service.
  • They performed duties analogous to those of one of the eligible local authority Civil Defence Services, and the section of the Women's Voluntary Services to which they belonged was one which functioned operationally during or immediately after enemy attacks.^[1]

Qualifying service

The length of qualifying service required for the award of the Defence Medal varied, depending on where and in what role an individual served.^[3]

• For persons normally resident in the United Kingdom, the requirement was 1,080 days (three years) of service in the United Kingdom or 90 days (three months) of service in a Mine and Bomb Disposal Unit. The qualifying period in the United Kingdom ended upon the end of the War in Europe on 8 May 1945.^[2][3][4]
• In a non-operational area which was not subjected to air attack and which was not closely threatened, the requirement was 360 days (one year) of service overseas from or outside the individual's country of residence. Military service overseas from the United Kingdom could qualify up to 2 September 1945, when the war in the Pacific ended. Service was reckonable from the date of embarkation and was counted at its full rate for the voyage to the non-operational area.^[2][3][4]
• In a non-operational area subjected to air attack or closely threatened, the requirement was 180 days (six months) of service overseas from or outside a person's country of residence. The same applied to British Commonwealth citizens from overseas who served in the Home Guard in the United Kingdom. Service was reckonable from the date of embarkation and, for the voyage to the area of service, was counted at half the actual duration of the voyage.^[2][3][4]

Service by Indian Army personnel in India did not count as qualifying service for the Defence Medal, since such service qualified for the India Service Medal, awarded to members of the Indian Armed Forces instead of the Defence Medal for three years of non-operational service in India.^[4][5]

Country of residence

Regarding service outside the country of residence, five territories were classified as single contiguous areas. Movements by personnel from one territory to another within the defined groups were not regarded as "outside the country of residence" in terms of qualification for the award of the Defence Medal.^[4]

• Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Eire, Isle of Man and the Channel islands, including all the islands adjacent to Great Britain.
• Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and Transjordan.
• Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia and Zanzibar.
• Nigeria, Gambia, Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast.
• The Union of South Africa, South-West Africa, Basutoland, Swaziland and the Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Threatened territories

The following territories were classified as non-operational areas subjected to enemy air attacks or closely threatened during the periods as shown:^[4]

Europe

• United Kingdom from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.^[4]

Mediterranean Area

• Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from 28 November 1941 to 8 May 1945.
• Corsica from 5 October 1943 to 8 May 1945.
• Cyprus from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.
• Egypt from 13 May 1943 to 8 May 1945.
• Gibraltar from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.
• Malta from 13 May 1943 to 8 May 1945.
• North Africa from 13 May 1943 to 8 May 1945.
• Palestine from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.
• Pantellaria from 12 June 1943 to 8 May 1945.
• Sardinia from 20 September 1943 to 8 May 1945.
• Sicily from 18 August 1943 to 8 May 1945.
• Sinai from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.
• Syria and Lebanon from 12 July 1941 to 8 May 1945.^[4]

Indian Ocean

• Aden from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.
• Andaman Islands from 3 September 1939 to 22 March 1942.
• Bengal and Assam, west of the Brahmaputra, from 1 January 1944 to 2 September 1945.
• Ceylon from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.
• Cocos/Keeling Islands from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.
• Iraq from 1 June 1941 to 8 May 1945.
• Maldive Islands from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.
• Mauritius from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.
• Nicobar Islands from 3 September 1939 to 22 March 1942.
• Persia from 29 August 1941 to 8 May 1945.
• Rodriquez Island from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Seychelles from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.^[4]

Pacific Area

• British North Borneo from 3 September 1939 to 30 December 1941.
• Brunei from 3 September 1939 to 7 December 1941.
• Christmas Island from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Cook Islands from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Fanning Island from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Fiji Islands from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Hong-Kong from 3 September 1939 to 7 December 1941.
• Malaya from 3 September 1939 to 7 December 1941.
• New Caledonia from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• New Hebrides from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Norfolk Island from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Northern Territory of Australia, north of latitude 14°30' South, from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Phoenix Islands from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Rarotonga Island from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Sarawak from 3 September 1939 to 7 December 1941.
• Tonga Island from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Torres Strait Islands from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Union Island from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Washington Island from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.
• Western Samoa from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945.^[4]

West Atlantic

• Falkland Islands from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945.^[4]

Special criteria

Service in eligible categories which was brought to a premature end prior to the completion of the required period of service by death due to enemy action while on duty or by injuries which entitled the individual to a Wound Stripe, was a qualification for the award of the Defence Medal.^[1]

The Defence Medal was also awarded without regard to the required period of service to British subjects who received an award for brave conduct or a commendation for valuable service in the air, provided that the individual was serving in a category eligible for the Defence Medal at the time and that the award was earned in respect of service qualifying for the Defence Medal.^[1]

Recipients of the George Cross or the George Medal who were not rendering service which would qualify them for the Defence Medal at the time the award was earned, became eligible for a special award of the Defence Medal.^[1]

Order of wear

Campaign medals and stars are not listed by name in the order of wear prescribed by the British Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood, but are all grouped together as taking precedence after the Queen's Medal for Chiefs and before the Polar Medals, in order of the date of the campaign for which awarded.^[6]

In the order of wear of the Second World War campaign medals, the two campaign medals take precedence after the nine campaign stars, of which the order of wear was determined firstly by their respective campaign start dates, secondly by the campaign's duration and thirdly by their dates of institution.^[6]

• The 1939–1945 Star, from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945, the full duration of the Second World War.^[7]
• The Atlantic Star, from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945, the duration of the Battle of the Atlantic and the War in Europe.^[8]
• The Arctic Star, from 3 September 1939 to 8 May 1945, the duration of the Battle of the Atlantic and the War in Europe.^[9]
• The Air Crew Europe Star, from 3 September 1939 to 5 June 1944, the period until D-Day minus one.^[10]
• The Africa Star, from 10 June 1940 to 12 May 1943, the duration of the North African Campaign.^[11]
• The Pacific Star, from 8 December 1941 to 2 September 1945, the duration of the Pacific War.^[12]
• The Burma Star, from 11 December 1941 to 2 September 1945, the duration of the Burma Campaign.^[13]
• The Italy Star, from 11 June 1943 to 8 May 1945, the duration of the Italian Campaign.^[14]
• The France and Germany Star, from 6 June 1944 to 8 May 1945, the duration of the Northwest Europe Campaign.^[15]
• The Defence Medal, from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945, the full duration of the Second World War.^[4]
• The War Medal 1939–1945, from 3 September 1939 to 2 September 1945, the full duration of the Second World War.^[16]

• Preceded by the France and Germany Star.
• Succeeded by the War Medal 1939–1945.

Description

The Defence Medal is a silver or cupro-nickel disk, 36 millimetres (1.42 inches) in diameter. The non-swivelling suspender is attached to the medal with a single-toe claw mount and a pin through the upper edge of the medal. The British issue medals were struck in cupro-nickel, while those awarded in Canada were struck in silver.^[3][17]

Obverse

The obverse shows the bareheaded effigy of King George VI, facing left. Around the perimeter is the legend "GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP." (George 6th, by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India).^[3]

Reverse

The reverse shows the Royal Crown resting on an oak sapling, flanked by a lion and a lioness above stylised waves. At the top left is the year "1939" and at the top right the year "1945". The exergue has the words "THE DEFENCE MEDAL" in two lines.^[3]

Ribbon

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with a 4½ millimetres wide green band, a 1 millimetre wide black band and a 4½ millimetres wide green band, repeated and separated by a 12 millimetres wide orange band. The flame-coloured orange centre band and the green bands symbolise enemy attacks on Britain's green and pleasant land while the narrow black bands represent the black-outs against air attacks.^[3]

The ribbons for the Defence Medal as well as those of the Second World War Campaign Stars, with the exception of the Arctic Star, were devised by King George VI.^[1][18]

References

1. Committee on the Grant of Honours, Decorations and Medals in Time of War (May 1945). "Campaign Stars and the Defence Medal (Regulations)". London: HM Stationery Office. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
2. GOV.UK - Defence and armed forces – guidance - Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility - Defence Medal: 1939 to 1945 (Access date 20 April 2015)
3. New Zealand Defence Force - British Commonwealth War And Campaign Medals Awarded To New Zealanders - The Defence Medal (Access date 20 April 2015)
4. New Zealand Defence Force - The Defence Medal Eligibility Rules (Access date 21 April 2015)
5. Medals of the Second World War 1939-1945 - India (Access date 22 April 2015)
6. The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 56878. p. 3352. 17 March 2003. (Access date 14 April 2015)
7. New Zealand Defence Force - The 1939-45 Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
8. New Zealand Defence Force - The Atlantic Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 4 April 2015)
9. New Zealand Defence Force - The Arctic Star (Access date 12 April 2015)
10. New Zealand Defence Force - The Air Crew Europe Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
11. New Zealand Defence Force - The Africa Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
12. New Zealand Defence Force - The Pacific Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 9 April 2015)
13. New Zealand Defence Force - The Burma Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
14. New Zealand Defence Force - The Italy Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
15. New Zealand Defence Force - The France and Germany Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
16. New Zealand Defence Force - The War Medal 1939-45 Eligibility Rules (Access date 22 April 2015)
17. Veterans Affairs Canada - Defence Medal (Access date 22 April 2015)
18. Forces War Records - Medals - 1939-1945 Star (Access date 2 April 2015)