White-headed buffalo weaver

White-headed buffalo weaver
At Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Ploceidae
Genus: Dinemellia
L. Reichenbach, 1863
Species: D. dinemelli
Binomial name
Dinemellia dinemelli
(Rüppell, 1845)

The white-headed buffalo weaver or white-faced buffalo-weaver (Dinemellia dinemelli) is a species of passerine bird in the family Ploceidae native to East Africa.[2] The buffalo part of its name derives from its habit of following the African buffalo, feeding on disturbed insects.[3] Two subspecies are recognized.

Taxonomy

The white-headed buffalo weaver was first described by the German naturalist Eduard Rüppell in 1845.[4]

Subspecies

Two subspecies of the white-headed buffalo weaver are now recognized.[4]

Description

The white-headed buffalo weaver is 170 to 190 mm (6.7–7.5 in) in length and 57 to 85 g (2.0–3.0 oz) in weight.[3] In addition to its white head and underparts, the white-headed buffalo weaver has a vividly orange-red rump and undertail coverts.[5] Its thighs are dark brown. Narrow white bands can be found on the wings. Both sexes are similar in plumage and hard to differentiate. The bill is conical and black.[3] D. d. dinemelli has a brown tail, whereas D. d. boehmi has a black tail.[6]

Distribution and habitat

The white-headed buffalo weaver is native to the African countries of Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.[4] It prefers habitats such as savanna, and shrublands, but especially dry brush and acacia thickets.[3][5][1]

Behaviour

Perched at the National Aviary

Like most weavers, it is a gregarious bird which forages on the ground for insects, especially beetles and butterflies, fruits, and seeds, often in company with starlings.[3][5] Foraging is often done in groups of 3–6 birds. It has various calls and the sound is sometimes parrot-like: “skwieeer”, “kiiyerr”, a ringing and repetitious “tew”. In addition, variable sounds such as chuckles and whistles can be heard at breeding and roosting sites. The sounds are slow and drawn out. They also make trills: “tsu-weely-weely-wair”. They often perch in trees and hang upside-down and can be very noisy. Breeding and roosting is done in groups and they can be defensive against intruders, usually by making noise. Altercations are rarely fatal and usually vocal.[7] Males display to females by spreading their wings to show their white wing-patches and red-orange tail-coverts.[3]

Breeding pairs are monogamous and nests are built together. The breeding season is related to rainfall and varies according to local conditions. Nest materials are pushed together, not interwoven, to form an oval 570 millimetres (22 in) wide. A short entrance tube opens downwards and is about 2 to 4 metres (6.6–13.1 ft) above the ground. Soft materials line the inner portions of the nest, which usually has several rooms, with defensive thorny branches on the outside.[8] A large tree will have several of their nests, which other birds, such as the African pygmy-falcon, are known to use instead of building their own.[8] The female incubates 3–5 greyish to pale blue eggs with red, brown and olive markings for 11–14 days. Both parents feed the chicks.[3][6][7]

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2012). "Dinemellia dinemelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ "White-headed Buffalo Weaver Dinemellia dinemelli". BirdLife International. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "White-headed Buffalo Weaver Dinemellia dinemelli". Oiseaux-Birds. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 "White-headed Buffalo Weaver (Dinemellia dinemelli)". Internet Bird Collection. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 "White-headed Buffalo Weaver". Kenya Birds. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  6. 1 2 "White-headed Buffalo Weaver". Los Angeles Zoo. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  7. 1 2 "White-headed Buffalo Weaver". Honolulu Zoo. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  8. 1 2 "White-headed Buffalo Weaver". Saint Louis Zoological Park. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
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