Direct debit

A direct debit or direct withdrawal is a financial transaction in which one person withdraws funds from another person's bank account. Formally, the person who directly draws the funds ("the payee") instructs his or her bank to collect (i.e., debit) an amount directly from another's ("the payer's") bank account designated by the payer and pay those funds into a bank account designated by the payee. Before the payer's banker will allow the transaction to take place, the payer must have advised the bank that he or she has authorized the payee to directly draw the funds. It is also called pre-authorized debit (PAD) or pre-authorized payment (PAP). After the authorities are set up, the direct debit transactions are usually processed electronically. Direct debits are typically used for recurring payments, such as credit card and utility bills, where the payment amounts vary from one payment to another. However, when the authorisation is in place, the circumstances in which the funds are drawn as well as the dates and amounts are a matter of agreement between the payee and payer, with which the bankers are not concerned. In countries where setting up authorization is easy enough, direct debits can also be used for irregular payments, such as for mail order transactions or at a point of sale. The payer can cancel the authorization for a direct debit at any time, and the banker can decline to carry out a debit if the transaction would breach the terms of the bank account out of which payment is to be made, for example if it were to cause the account to overdraw. (Banking law does not authorize a bank to alter the payment amount.)

A direct debit instruction differs from a direct deposit and standing order instruction, which are initiated by the payer. A standing order involves fixed payment amounts paid periodically, while a direct debit can be of any amount and can be casual or periodic.

Direct debits are available in a number of countries, including the United Kingdom, Brazil, Germany, Sweden, Spain, South Africa, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. Direct debits are made under each country's rules, and are usually restricted to domestic transactions in those countries. An exception in this respect is the Single Euro Payments Area which allows for Euro-denominated cross-border (and domestic) direct debits since November 2010. In the United States, direct debits are processed through the Automated Clearing House network.

Authorization

A direct debit instruction must in all cases be supported by some sort of authorization for the payee to collect funds from the payer's account. There are generally two methods to set up the authorisation:

One method involves only the payer and the payee, with the payer authorizing the payee to collect amounts due on his or her account. However, the payer can instruct his or her bank to return any direct debit note without giving a reason. In that event, the payee has to pay all fees for the transaction and may eventually lose his or her ability to initiate direct debits if this occurs too often. However, it still requires all the account holders (not merely the payer) to watch statements and request returns if necessary, unless they have instructed their bank to block all direct debits.

The other method requires the payer to instruct his or her bank to honour direct debit notes from the payee. The payee is then notified that he or she is now authorised to initiate direct debit transfers from the payer. While this is more secure in theory, it can also mean for the payer that it is harder to return debit notes in the case of an error or dispute.

Direct debit in different countries

Europe

In Europe, the SEPA Direct Debit (SDD) and SEPA credit transfer payment system is available in each SEPA country for payments within the Eurozone (regulation 260/2012). SEPA regulations 260/2012

SEPA Direct Debit currently works alongside national Direct Debit schemes. As such, it is possible to collect payment through both SDD and/or a national Direct Debit scheme. However, from 1 August 2014, it will no longer be possible to collect Euro-denominated payments through national Direct Debit schemes in Euro-zone SEPA countries.[1] In October 2016 SDD and IBAN become the mandatory methods for transfers in Euro in all of the EU and EEA, but not mandatory for transfers in other currencies.

United Kingdom

Direct Debit is a popular payment method in the UK invented by Alastair Hanton while he was working at Unilever as a way of collecting payments more efficiently.[2] Direct Debit accounts for the payment of 73% of household bills and almost nine out of 10 British adults have at least one Direct Debit commitment.[3] In fact, in 2015 nearly 3.9 billion Direct Debits were processed,[4] representing a year-on-year increase of 239 million which surpasses the previous record for annual growth of 161 million, set in 2004.[5]

Authorization

To set up payments by Direct Debit, the payer must complete a Direct Debit Instruction to the merchant. This instruction contains bank-approved wording that makes it clear the payer is setting up an ongoing authority for the merchant to debit their account. The interface for completing the Direct Debit Instruction is controlled by the merchant, who then sends the data from the form to the customer's bank, via Bacs.

The UK Direct Debit scheme rules allow for Direct Debit Instructions to be completed in several ways:

Guarantee

All UK payments collected by Direct Debit are covered by the Direct Debit Guarantee, which is provided by the UK's banks and building societies.[7]

The Direct Debit Guarantee provides three important safeguards to protect customers:

  1. Immediate refunds. Customers can get a full and immediate refund from their bank or building society in the event of an error in the payment of a Direct Debit.
  2. Advance notice. Customers must be told the amount and date of each payment 10 working days (unless agreed otherwise) in advance.
  3. Instant cancellations. Customers can cancel a Direct Debit at any time.[8]

Under the guarantee a payer is entitled to a full and immediate refund in the event of an error in the payment of a Direct Debit from their account. Where an error has occurred, refunds are paid immediately by the payer's bank, who will then attempt to recover the money from the merchant's bank, who in turn will attempt to recover the money charged back from the merchant.

Under the Direct Debit scheme rules, merchants have very few grounds to challenge a charge in generated under the Direct Debit Guarantee. Instead, they can pursue any payments which they believe have been incorrectly refunded to the payer directly through the small claims court.

Access

Before a company or organisation can collect payment by Direct Debit they need to be approved by a bank, or use a commercial bureau to collect direct debit payments on their behalf. This approval process ensures the company will be able to operate within the direct debit scheme rules and maintain the integrity of the scheme.[9]

If a large number of customers complain about direct debits set up by a particular service user then the service user may lose its ability to set up direct debits.

Dormancy

Any direct debit instruction that has not been used to collect funds for over 13 months is automatically cancelled by the customer's bank[10] (this is known as a "dormancy period"). This can cause problems when the mandate is used infrequently, for instance, taking a payment to settle the bill for a seldomly used credit card. If the credit card company has not collected a payment using the Direct Debit mandate for over 13 months the direct debit mandate may have been cancelled as dormant without the customer's knowledge, and the direct debit claim will fail.

Fraud

The problem of direct debit fraud is extensive according to research by Liverpool Victoria Insurance [11] which reveals that over 97,000 Britons have fallen victim to criminals setting up fraudulent direct debits from their accounts. An average of £540 goes missing before the customer notices. Direct debit payment fraud in 2010 accounted for around 10.6% of all identity fraud cases. The extent of direct debit scamming is set to grow to 41,000 cases a year by 2013, equating to a 57% rise.

However, the problem is exacerbated by some of the banks themselves for failing to implement any controls which prevent companies or fraudsters taking monies from business and consumer accounts.[12] The problem of cancelled and obsolete direct debits being wrongfully revived or re-implemented is estimated to cost UK consumers £385 million in 2010. For those customers who find out, it takes them on average four months to notice. Although no specific figures were collected it appears a substantial number of people lose considerable amounts of money annually because the obsolete direct debit is neither noticed nor recovered.[13]

On 7 January 2008, Jeremy Clarkson found himself the subject of direct debit fraud after publishing his bank account and sort code details in his column in The Sun to make the point that public concern over the 2007 UK child benefit data scandal was unnecessary. He wrote, "All you'll be able to do with them is put money into my account. Not take it out. Honestly, I've never known such a palaver about nothing". Someone then used these details to set up a £500 direct debit to the charity Diabetes UK. In his next Sunday Times column, Clarkson wrote, "I was wrong and I have been punished for my mistake."[14]

Germany

In Germany, banks generally have been providing direct debit (elektronisches Lastschriftverfahren (ELV), "Lastschrift", Bankeinzug) using both methods since the advent of so-called Giro accounts in the 1950s.

The Einzugsermächtigung ("direct debit authorisation") just requires the customer to authorize the payee to make the collection. This can happen in written form, orally, by e-mail or through a web interface set up by the payee. Although organisations are generally required not to instruct their banks to make unauthorised collections, this is usually not verified by the banks involved. Customers can instruct their bank to return the debit note within at least six weeks.

This method is very popular within Germany as it allows quick and easy payments, and it is suited even for one-time payments. A customer might just give the authorisation at the same time she or he orders goods or services from an organisation. Compared to payments by credit cards, which allow similar usage, bank fees for successful collections are much lower. Often retailers such as supermarkets will process Girocards as direct debit (ELV) transactions after performing a real-time risk analysis when the card is swiped. This is possible because the bank account number and routing code of the giro account form part of every Girocard's card number (PAN), similar to early 1990s 19 digit Switch card numbers. The customer agrees to the direct debit by signing the back of the receipt, which normally contains a long contractual text that also allows the retailer to contact the customer's bank and get their address in the case the debit is returned ("Rücklastschrift"). Direct debits are practically free for the retailer, allowing them to save the Girocard interchange fees (approx. 0.3%) that would be associated with PIN based transactions, but incur a higher risk as the payment can be returned for any reason for up to 45 days. Therefore, they are used usually for returning customers that have already had successful Girocard (PIN-verified) transactions at the same store or are purchasing low-risk or small-ticket items.

To prevent abuse, account holders must watch their bank statements and ask their bank to return unauthorised (or wrong) debit notes. As fraudulent direct debit instructions are easily traced, abuse is rare. However, there can be issues when the amount billed and collected is incorrect or unexpectedly large. There have also been cases of fraudulent direct debit where the defrauders tried to collect very small individual sums from large numbers of accounts, in the hope that most account holders would be slow to raise an issue about such small sums, giving the defrauders enough time to withdraw the collected money and disappear.

The Abbuchungsauftrag ("posting off") requires the customer to instruct his or her bank to honour debit notes from the organisation. Direct debits made with this method are verified by the customer's bank and therefore can not be returned. As it is less convenient, it is rarely used, usually only in business-to-business relationships.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, like in Germany, an account holder can authorize a company to collect direct debit payments, without notifying the bank. Doing so is very common, with as much as 45% of all banking transactions conducted via direct debit.[15]

A transaction can be ongoing, or one-time only. For both types collecting organizations must enter into a direct debit (automatische incasso) contract with their bank. For each transaction the name and account number of the account holder must be provided. The collecting organisation can then collect from any account, provided there is enough money on the account and no block is set against direct debit from the collecting organisation.

Transactions can be contested depending on the type of transaction, time since the transaction and the basis of dispute. Authorized transactions of the ongoing type can directly be recalled via the bank of the account holder within the 56 days (8 weeks) since the transaction, with the exception of transactions with regards to games of chance and perishables. Authorized one-time only transactions can be recalled via the bank within 5 days. Unauthorized transactions can be contested via the bank within a limited time period after the transaction.

Another security measure is a "selective block" whereby the customer can instruct the bank to disallow direct debits to a specified account number. Blanket blocks are also available.

Poland

In Poland, direct debit is operated by KIR (Krajowa Izba Rozliczeniowa) and participating banks as one of the functionalities of the Elixir[16] clearing system. The payer has to authorize the payee by filling, signing and submitting a standarized paper form in two copies. One copy, after filling in payee details and a customer identification number, is sent by the payee to the payer's bank, which verifies the signature. From now on, the payee may debit the payer's account. Since 24 Oct 2012 it is also possible to submit such authorization through the payer's bank, often also online.

The payer can:

In case of cancelling a transaction, funds are immediately returned to the payer's account. Interest is also adjusted as if the transaction never happened.

Collecting fees through direct debit is supported mostly by big players such as telco, insurance and utility companies and banks themselves but it is not widely used by consumers because of the bureaucracy involved in setting direct debits up.

Ireland

The direct debit system in Ireland was previously operated by the Irish Payment Services Organisation (IPSO). Following an integration of Irish Banking Federation (IBF) with the Irish Payment Services Organisation (IPSO), all contents from www.ipso.ie are now hosted on the Banking and Payments Federation Ireland website www.bpfi.ie

Direct debit instructions can be given in writing or by telephone. There are protections for the holder of the account being debited in the event of a dispute.[17] The Irish payment system is in the process of migrating to SEPA credits and direct debits. The conversion deadline from the legacy credit transfer and direct debit systems to the Eurozone-wide SEPA system is 01.02.2014. SEPA regulations

Denmark

Direct debit is preferred payment method for recurring household payments in Denmark. The service, launched back in the early seventies, is called "Betalingsservice" and is used by about 96% per cent of the Danish households.

Japan

Direct debit is a very common payment option in Japan. When signing up for a service, such as telephone, a customer is usually asked to enter their bank details on the service submission form, to set up for automatic payments, and the company they are signing up to will take care of the rest. Sometimes, but not always, the customer is offered the possibility to enter credit card details instead of bank account details, to have the money directly debited from credit card instead of bank account.

Malaysia

In Malaysia, the direct debit system is available via the product known as FPX – Financial Process Exchange. FPX supports online direct debit as well as batch direct debit. It opens new doors for e-commerce in Malaysia, in particular business to business (B2B) and business to commerce (B2C) payments.

FPX allow customers to make payment at e-market places such as websites and online stores as well as for corporations to collect bulk payment from their customers.

It leverages on the Internet banking services of participating banks and provides fast, secure, reliable, real-time online payment processing. FPX provides a complete end-to-end business transaction, resourceful payment records, simplified reconciliation and reduced risks as fund movements are between established financial institutions.

Supported by Bank Negara Malaysia and the local financial institutions, FPX is operated by FPX Payment Gateway Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary company of Malaysian Electronic Payment System (1997) Sdn Bhd (MEPS).

Australia

In Australia direct debit is performed through the Direct Entry system[18] also known as BECS (Bulk Electronic Clearing System) or CS2, managed by the Australian Payments Clearing Association. An account holder can authorise a company to collect direct debit payments, without notifying the bank.

A common example of direct debit is authorising a credit card company to debit a bank account for the monthly balance.

Many smaller companies do not have direct debit facilities themselves, and a third-party payment service must be used to interface between the biller and the customer's bank. For this a small charge (typically $1–2 per transaction, incorporated into the bill amount) is made by the payment service.

Direct credit and debit instructions are only available to institutional customers. Direct credit instructions are used for payrolls and other large scale regular payments. Direct debit instructions are used by insurance companies, utilities and other large organisations which receive regular payments. Although governed by APCA rules, the actual exchanges of instructions occur through bilateral exchanges. There is no central "clearinghouse" for bulk direct entry payment instructions.[19]

United States

In the United States, direct debit usually means an Automated Clearing House (ACH) transfer from a bank account to a biller, initiated by the biller.

South Africa

In South Africa direct debits, also known as debit orders, are performed through the ACB. An account holder can authorise a company to collect direct debit payments. The client signs a debit mandate form giving the requesting company permission to debit their account with a fixed or variable monthly value. This value can be recurring or once-off. This is an effective, safe and more cost effective alternative to receiving money in cash, by cheque or EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer).

There are three types of commonly used debit orders in South Africa: EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer), NAEDO (Non-authenticated Early Debit Order) and AEDO (Authenticated Early Debit Order).[20]

A new payment stream is being introduced by the South African Reserve Bank called AC or Authenticated Collections. This payment stream will be implemented from September 2016 and aims to replace the current NAEDO payment stream. The purpose of AC is to reduce customer disputes and abuse of the debit order system.[21]

Sweden

In Sweden, direct debit is available, called "Autogiro". The amount is withdrawn from the payer's account on the payee's request without specification. The approval is done once without time limit for each payer/payee combination, but can withdrawn at any time. The request is normally sent through a form from the payer to the payee, but in the internet bank it is also possible to request it.   There is a newer variant also, called "E-faktura", electronic bill. There the payer gets a specification in the computer (through the bank web page) looking like a bill, and is asked to approve every payment, even if it can be set up for automatic approval.

In Sweden, the problem of direct debit fraud is much smaller than in the UK, since there are more strict requirements on which companies that can use direct debit. Still there are claims that well-known companies have taken too much money through direct debit.[22]

Turkey

In Turkey, direct debits are widely used, for utility and credit card payments, as well as commercial transactions. However, whereas in other countries the payee instructs his/her bank to make a collection, in Turkey the payer needs to authorise his/her bank directly. The usage differs from standing orders, as payment amounts are not fixed and payments need not be periodical (i.e. payments can be of any amount and can be casual or periodic).

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ "What is SEPA". GoCardless. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  2. ↑ "How Direct Debits began in the UK". Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  3. ↑ "Automated payments at all-time high as Bacs breaks six billion barrier - See more at: http://www.business-money.com/announcements/automated-payments-at-all-time-high-as-bacs-breaks-six-billion-barrier#sthash.TORkLt4X.dpuf". Business Money. External link in |title= (help)
  4. ↑ "Bacs corporate overview". www.bacs.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  5. ↑ "Automated payments at all-time high as Bacs breaks six billion barrier". www.business-money.com. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  6. ↑ "BACS: Paperless Direct Debit". Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  7. ↑ "The Direct Debit Guarantee". BACS. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  8. ↑ "Introduction to the Direct Debit Guarantee". GoCardless. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  9. ↑ "What's involved in taking payments by Direct Debit?". Eazy Collect. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  10. ↑ "What happens when a Direct Debit is inactive?". Inactive Direct Debits. BACS.
  11. ↑ Sharp increase in direct debit fraud Banking Times Gill Montia November 19, 2010
  12. ↑ Snowdonia Tourist Services hit by fraudsters by Dan Beavan, Daily Post Apr 27 2009
  13. ↑ UK Banks Responsible For Direct Debit Scams January 26, 2012
  14. ↑ Clarkson stung after bank prank, BBC News
  15. ↑ http://www.mkb.nl/Ondernemen!/Artikelen/359_476.293
  16. ↑ "KIR: the Elixir system". Retrieved 2016-06-27.
  17. ↑ Guide to the Irish direct debit system
  18. ↑ Australian Direct Entry Fact Sheet
  19. ↑ Alan L Tyree. "The Australian Payments System". Retrieved 2012-04-08.
  20. ↑ Direct Debit. "Debit Order Services in South Africa". Retrieved 2012-06-07.
  21. ↑ Direct Debit. "Authenticated Collection Payment Stream". Retrieved 2015-09-30.
  22. ↑ 3 polisanmäls för bedrägeri (Swedish) Translation: "Operator "3" is reported to the police for fraud" (Aftonbladet 2009-07-11)
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