Doberman Pinscher

"Doberman" redirects here. For other uses, see Doberman (disambiguation).

Doberman Pinscher
Other names Doberman
Common nicknames Dobie
Dobermann
Dobynm
Origin Germany
Traits
Weight Male 40–45 kilograms (88–99 lb)[1]
Female 32–35 kilograms (71–77 lb)[1]
Height Male 68 to 72 centimetres (27 to 28 in)[1]
Female 63 to 68 centimetres (25 to 27 in)[1]
Coat short coat
Color black
red
blue
fawn
albino
Life span 9-12 years
Classification / standards
FCI Group 2, Section 1.1 Pinscher #143 standard
AKC Working standard
ANKC Group 6 (Utility) standard
CKC Group 3 - Working Dogs standard
KC (UK) Working standard
NZKC Utility standard
UKC Guardian Dog standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

The Doberman Pinscher (German pronunciation: [ˈdoːbɐman ˈpɪnʃɐ]), or Dobermann, or Doberman, is a medium-large breed of domestic dog originally developed around 1890 by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector from Germany.[2] The muzzle is long, and so affords the leverage for an extremely strong bite. The Doberman stands on its toes (not the pads) and is not usually heavy-footed. Ideally, they have an even and graceful gait. Traditionally, the ears are cropped and posted, and the tail is docked. However, in some countries it is illegal to do so. Dobermans have markings on the chest, paws/legs, muzzle, above the eyes, and underneath the tail.

Doberman Pinschers are well known as intelligent, alert, and tenaciously loyal companions and guard dogs. Personality varies a great deal between each individual, but if taken care of and trained properly they tend to be loving and devoted companions. The Doberman is driven, strong, and sometimes stubborn. Owning one requires commitment and care, but if trained well, they can be wonderful family dogs. Unlike some breeds (such as the German Shepherd), Dobermans are eager to please only after their place is established in their pack and that place is not as an alpha. With a consistent approach they can be easy to train and will learn very quickly. As with all dogs, if properly trained, they can be excellent with children. Dobermans adapt quickly, though they take their cue from their leader and value attention.

Characteristics

Appearance

Breed standards describe Doberman Pinschers as dogs of medium-large size with a square build and short coat. They are compactly built and athletic with endurance and swiftness. The Doberman Pinscher should have a proud, watchful, determined, and obedient temperament.[3] The dog was originally intended as a guard dog,[3][4] so males should have a masculine, muscular, noble appearance.[3][4] Females are thinner, but should not be spindly.[3]

Size and proportions

Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, according to the FCI standard the dog typically stands between 68 to 72 centimetres (27 to 28 in),[1] and The Kennel Club in the UK quote 69 centimetres (27 in) as being ideal;[5] the female is typically somewhere between 63 to 68 centimetres (25 to 27 in),[1] 65 centimetres (26 in) being ideal.[5] The Doberman has a square frame: its length should equal its height to the withers, and the length of its head, neck and legs should be in proportion to its body.[3]

There are no standards for the weight of the Doberman Pinscher except as given in the standard used by the FCI. The ideal dog must have sufficient size for an optimal combination of strength, endurance and agility.[5] The male generally weighs between 40–45 kilograms (88–99 lb)[1] and the female between 32–35 kilograms (71–77 lb).[1]

Color

Two different color genes exist in the Doberman, one for black (B) and one for color dilution (D). There are nine possible combinations of these alleles (BBDD, BBDd, BbDD, BbDd, BBdd, Bbdd, bbDD, bbDd, bbdd), which result in four different color phenotypes: black, red, blue, and fawn (Isabella).[6] The traditional and most common color occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one dominant allele (i.e., BBDD, BBDd, BbDD or BbDd), and is commonly referred to as black or black and rust (also called black and tan). The red, red rust or brown coloration occurs when the black gene has two recessive alleles but the dilution gene has at least one dominant allele (i.e., bbDD, bbDd). "Blue" and "fawn" are controlled by the color dilution gene. The blue Doberman has the color gene with at least one dominant allele and the dilution gene with both recessive alleles (i.e., BBdd or Bbdd). The fawn (Isabella) coloration is the least common, occurring only when both the color and dilution genes have two recessive alleles (i.e., bbdd). Thus, the blue color is a diluted black, and the fawn color is a diluted red.

Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called Color Dilution Alopecia. Although not life-threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems.[7]

In 1976, a "white" Doberman Pinscher was whelped,[8] and was subsequently bred to her son, who was also bred to his litter sisters. This tight inbreeding continued for some time to allow the breeders to "fix" the mutation. White Dobermans are a cream color with pure white markings and icy blue eyes. Although this is consistent with albinism, the proper characterization of the mutation is currently unknown. The animals are commonly known as tyrosinase-positive albinoids, lacking melanin in oculocutaneous structures.[9] This condition is caused by a partial deletion in gene SLC45A2.[10]

Tail

Doberman with undocked tail

The Doberman Pinscher's natural tail is fairly long, but individual dogs often have a short tail as a result of docking, a procedure in which the majority of the tail is surgically removed shortly after birth.

The practice of docking has been around for centuries, and is older than the Doberman as a breed.[11] The putative reason for docking is to ensure that the tail does not get in the way of the dog's work.[11] Docking has always been controversial.[12] The American Kennel Club standard for Doberman Pinschers includes a tail docked near the 2nd vertebra.[3] Docking is a common practice in the United States, Russia and Japan (as well as a number of other countries with Doberman populations), where it is legal. In many European countries and Australia, docking has been made illegal, and in others it is limited.

Ears

Main article: Cropping (animals)
Doberman with natural ears.

Doberman Pinschers often have their ears cropped,[13] as do many other breeds, a procedure that is functionally related to breed type for both the traditional guard duty and effective sound localization. According to the Doberman Pinscher Club of America, ears are "normally cropped and carried erect".[14] Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in some countries.[15]

Temperament

Although they are considered to be working dogs, Doberman Pinschers are often stereotyped as being ferocious and aggressive. As a personal protection dog, the Doberman was originally bred for these traits: it had to be large and intimidating, fearless, and willing to defend its owner, but sufficiently obedient and restrained to only do so on command. These traits served the dog well in its role as a personal defense dog, police dog, or war dog, but were not ideally adapted to a companionship role. The Doberman Pinscher's aggression has been toned down by modern breeders over the years, and today's Dobermans are known for a much more even and good natured temperament, extreme loyalty, high intelligence, and great trainability. In fact, the Doberman Pinscher's size, short coat, and intelligence have made it a desirable house dog. The Doberman Pinscher is known to be energetic, watchful, fearless and obedient.[2]

Doberman Pinscher puppies

They can easily learn to 'Respect and Protect' their owners, and are therefore considered to be excellent guard dogs that protect their loved ones. They are generally sociable toward humans and can be with other dogs. However, Dobermans rank among the more-likely breeds to show aggressive behaviour toward strangers and other dogs, but not among the most likely to do so. They are very unlikely to show aggressive behaviour toward their owners.

There is evidence that Doberman Pinschers in North America have a calmer and more even temperament than their European counterparts because of the breeding strategies employed by American breeders.[16] Because of these differences in breeding strategies, different lines of Doberman Pinschers have developed different traits. Although many contemporary Doberman Pinschers in North America are gentle and friendly to strangers, some lines are bred more true to the original personality standard.[17]

Although the aggressiveness stereotype is less true today, the personality of the Doberman Pinscher is unique. There is a great deal of scientific evidence that Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as certain personality factors and intelligence. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are genetically determined.[18] Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific attempts to quantify canine personality or temperament by using statistical techniques for assessing personality traits in humans. These studies often vary in terms of the personality factors they focus on, and in terms of ranking breeds differently along these dimensions. One such study found that Doberman Pinschers, compared to other breeds, rank high in playfulness, average in curiosity/fearlessness, low on aggressiveness, and low on sociability.[19] Another such study ranked Doberman Pinschers low on reactivity/surgence, and high on aggression/disagreeableness and openness/trainability.[20]

Intelligence

A Doberman Pinscher in a dog park in Hod Hasharon, Israel

Canine intelligence is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving, and communication. The Doberman Pinscher has ranked amongst the most intelligent of dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. For instance, Psychologist Stanley Coren ranks the Doberman as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of obedience command training, based on the selective surveys he performed of some trainers (as documented in his book The Intelligence of Dogs). Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in this category.[21] and Tortora (1980) gave the Doberman the highest rank in trainability.[22] Although the methods of evaluation differ, these studies consistently show that the Doberman Pinscher, along with the Border Collie, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Standard Poodle and Rottweiler, is one of the most trainable breeds of dog.

Aggression

In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. In a study published in 2008, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, strange dogs and rivalry with other household dogs.[23] This study found that the Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression, but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans, and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (e.g., Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, and Great Dane). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Doberman shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation, and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall.[23] In regards to dobermans attacking owners, it is rare and usually in the case of over discipline. Dobermans accept physical punishment to an extent, however, when they consider it is no longer punishment and is an attack on themselves, they will defend themselves.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as German Shepherd Dogs, Rottweilers, Husky-type, Wolf-dog hybrids and Alaskan Malamutes.[24][25] According to this Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog bites is the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners.[26]

Health

The Doberman's lifespan is about 10–11 years, on average.[27] They may suffer from a number of health concerns. Common serious health problems include dilated cardiomyopathy,[28][29][30] cervical vertebral instability (CVI),[31] von Willebrand's disease (a bleeding disorder for which genetic testing has been available since 2000; the test enables both parents of a prospective litter to be tested for the carrier gene, thus preventing inheritance of the disease ),[28] and prostatic disease.[32] Less serious common health concerns include hypothyroidism and hip dysplasia.[33] Canine compulsive disorder is also common.[34] Studies have shown that the Doberman Pinscher suffers from prostatic diseases, (such as bacterial prostatiti, prostatic cysts, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and benign hyperplasia) more than any other breed. Neutering can significantly reduce these risks (see Dog for information).

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a major cause of death in Doberman Pinschers. This disease affects Dobermans more than any other breed.[35] Nearly 40% of DCM diagnoses are for Doberman Pinschers, followed by German Shepherds at 13%.[35] Research has shown that the breed is affected by an attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM that affects many other breeds,[36] as well as an additional, fatty infiltration-degenerative type that appears to be specific to Doberman Pinscher and Boxer breeds.[36] This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Doberman Pinschers affected.[36]

Across multiple studies, more than half of the Doberman Pinschers studied develop the condition. Roughly a quarter of Doberman Pinschers who developed cardiomyopathy died suddenly from unknown causes,[36][37][38] and an additional fifty percent died of congestive heart failure[38] In addition to being more prevalent, this disease is also more serious in Doberman Pinschers. Following diagnosis, the average non-Doberman has an expected survival time of 8 months; for Doberman Pinschers, the expected survival time is less than 2 months.[35] Although the causes for the disease are largely unknown, there is evidence that it is a familial disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.[39] Investigation into the genetic causes of canine DCM may lead to therapeutic and breeding practices to limit its impact[40][41]

History

Doberman Pinscher, 1909

Doberman Pinschers were first bred in the town of Apolda, in the German state of Thuringia around 1890, following the Franco-Prussian War by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann. Dobermann served in the dangerous role of local tax collector, and ran the Apolda dog pound. With access to dogs of many breeds, he aimed to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him during his collections, which took him through many bandit-infested areas. He set out to breed a new type of dog that, in his opinion, would be the perfect combination of strength, speed, endurance, loyalty, intelligence, and ferocity. Later, Otto Goeller and Philip Greunig continued to develop the breed to become the dog that is seen today.

Doberman Pinscher, 1915

The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain to this day, although many experts believe that the Doberman Pinscher is a combination of several breeds including the Beauceron, German Pinscher, Rottweiler and Weimaraner.[42] The single exception is the documented crossing with the Greyhound and Manchester Terrier. It is also widely believed that the old German Shepherd gene pool was the single largest contributor to the Doberman breed. Philip Greunig's The Dobermann Pinscher (1939), is considered the foremost study of the development of the breed by one of its most ardent students. Greunig's study describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, whose hand allowed the Doberman to become the dog we recognize today. The American Kennel Club believes the breeds utilized to develop the Doberman Pinscher may have included the old shorthaired shepherd, Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier and the German Pinscher.[2]

After Dobermann's death in 1894, the Germans named the breed Dobermann-pinscher in his honor, but a half century later dropped the 'pinscher' on the grounds that this German word for terrier was no longer appropriate. The British did the same a few years later.[42]

During World War II, the United States Marine Corps adopted the Doberman Pinscher as its official War Dog, although the Corps did not exclusively use this breed in the role.

In the post war era the breed was nearly lost. There were no new litters registered in West Germany from 1949 to 1958. Werner Jung is credited with single-handedly saving the breed. He searched the farms in Germany for typical Pinschers and used these along with 4 oversized Miniature Pinschers and a black and red bitch from East Germany. Jung risked his life to smuggle her into West Germany. Most German Pinschers today are descendants of these dogs. Some pedigrees in the 1959 PSK Standardbuch show a number of dogs with unknown parentage.

In the United States, the American Kennel Club ranked the Doberman Pinscher as the 12th most popular dog breed in 2012 and 2013.[43]

Famous Doberman Pinschers

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Dobermann breed standard" (PDF). FCI. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Get to Know the Doberman Pinscher", 'The American Kennel Club', retrieved 6 May 2014
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "American Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard.". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  4. 1 2 "Canadian Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard.". Retrieved 2 May 2007. Size: "Males, decidedly masculine, without coarseness. Females, decidedly feminine, without over-refinement."
  5. 1 2 3 "UK Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard.". The Kennel Club (UK). Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  6. ↑ "Color Chart". Doberman Pinscher Club of America. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  7. ↑ WILLIAM H. MILLER Jr. 1 (2008). "Colour Dilution Alopecia in Doberman Pinschers with Blue or Fawn Coat Colours: A Study on the Incidence and Histopathology of this Disorder". Veterinary Dermatology. 1 (3): 113–122. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.1990.tb00089.x.
  8. ↑ "What is an Albino Doberman". Doberman Pinscher Club of America. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
  9. ↑ "The White Doberman". Ione Smith. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  10. ↑ Winkler PA (2014). "A Partial Gene Deletion of SLC45A2 Causes Oculocutaneous Albinism in Doberman Pinscher Dogs". PLoS ONE. 9 (3): e92127. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092127.
  11. 1 2 Raymond Gudas; Betsy Sikora Siino (2005). Doberman Pinschers: Everything about purchase, care, nutrition, training and behavior. Barron's Educational Series.
  12. ↑ Bennett, P.C.; Perini, E. (2008). "Tail docking in dogs: a review of the issues". Australian Veterinary Journal. 81 (4): 208–18. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11473.x. PMID 15080444.
  13. ↑ Pagan, C. "Ear cropping and tail docking: Should you or shouldn't you?". WebMD. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  14. ↑ "The Doberman - Breed Standard". DPCA. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  15. ↑ "Ear cropping and tail docking". The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies/Fédération des sociétés canadiennes d'assistance aux animaux (CFHS/FSCAA). Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  16. ↑ Stanley Coren (2006). Why does my dog act that way?. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-7706-6.
  17. ↑ "A candid look at Doberman temperament". The Doberman Pinscher Club of America. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  18. ↑ Scott, J.P.; Fuller, J.L. (1966). Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-74338-1.
  19. ↑ Kenth Svartberg (2006). "Breed-typical behaviour in dogs—Historical remnants or recent constructs?". Applied Animal Behaviour Science.
  20. ↑ Thomas Draper (1995), "Canine analogs of human personality factors", Journal of General Psychology, 122
  21. ↑ Hart, B.L.; Hart, L.A. (1985). "Selecting pet dogs on the basis of cluster analysis of breed behavior profiles and gender". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 186 (11): 1181–1185. PMID 4008297.
  22. ↑ Tortora, D.F. (1980). "Animal behavior therapy: the behavioral diagnosis and treatment of dominance-motivated aggression in canines. 1 [Dogs]". Canine Practice. 7. ISSN 0094-4904.
  23. 1 2 Duffy DL; Hsu Y; Serpell JA (2008). "Breed differences in canine aggression" (PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 114: 441–460. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006.
  24. ↑ US Centers for Disease Control: Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998. Retrieved 25 March 2007
  25. ↑ Jeffrey J. Sacks; Leslie Sinclair; Julie Gilchrist; Gail C. Golab; Randall Lockwood. "Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998". JAVMA. 217.
  26. ↑ Sacks; Lockwood, R; Hornreich, J; Sattini, RW; et al. (1996). "Fatal dog attacks, 1989-1994". Pediatrics. 97 (6 Pt 1): 891–5. PMID 8657532.
  27. ↑ "Breed Data Summary". Users.pullman.com. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  28. 1 2 "Canine Inherited Disorders Database: Doberman Pinscher.". Retrieved 25 March 2007.
  29. ↑ "Growth and Development.". Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  30. ↑ "United Doberman Club: Health Issues in Dobermans.". Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  31. ↑ "Doberman Pinscher Club of Canada: Health Issues in the Doberman Pinscher.". Doberman Pinscher Club of Canada. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
  32. ↑ Krawiec DR; Heflin D. (1992). "Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981-1986)". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 200 (8): 1119–22. PMID 1376729.
  33. ↑ "Doberman Pinscher Club of America: Growth and Development". Dpca.org. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  34. ↑ Ogata, Niwako; Gillis, Timothy E.; Liu, Xiaoxu; Cunningham, Suzanne M.; Lowen, Steven B.; Adams, Bonnie L.; Sutherland-Smith, James; Mintzopoulos, Dionyssios; Janes, Amy C.; Dodman, Nicholas H.; Kaufman, Marc J. (2013). "Brain structural abnormalities in Doberman pinschers with canine compulsive disorder". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 45: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.002. CCD is highly prevalent among Dobermans, with an estimated incidence of about 28% in a database including over 2300 dogs (personal communication, Andrew Borgman, Statistical Analyst, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids,MI)
  35. 1 2 3 Aleksandra Domanjko-Petrič; Polona Stabej; A. Žemva (2002). "Dilated cardiomyopathy in the Dobermann dog: survival, causes of death and a pedigree review in a related line". Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. 4 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1016/S1760-2734(06)70019-4. PMID 19081342.
  36. 1 2 3 4 A. Tidholm; L. Jönsson (2005). "Histologic Characterization of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy". Veterinary Pathology. 42. doi:10.1354/vp.42-1-1.
  37. ↑ Calvert CA; Hall G; Jacobs G; Pickus C. (1997). "Clinical and pathologic findings in Doberman pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure: 54 cases (1984-1991)". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 210.
  38. 1 2 Clay A. Calvert; Gilbert J. Jacobs; David D. Smith; Stephen L. Rathbun; Cynthia W. Pickus (2000). "Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman Pinschers". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 216 (1): 34–9. doi:10.2460/javma.2000.216.34. PMID 10638315.
  39. ↑ Meurs KM; Fox PR; Norgard M; Spier AW; Lamb A; Koplitz SL; Baumwart RD. (2007). "A prospective genetic evaluation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher". J Vet Intern Med. 21 (5).
  40. ↑ Broschk C; Distl O. (Oct 2005). "Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs--pathological, clinical, diagnosis and genetic aspects". Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. (in German). 112 (10).
  41. ↑ "Dobermann Rescue, Rehome and Adoption through The Dobermann Trust". The Dobermann Trust.
  42. 1 2 "Breed history". Dobermann Pinscher Club of America. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  43. ↑ American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends, The American Kennel Club, Retrieved 6 May 2014
  44. ↑ "Graf Belling v. Grönland". Doberman Pedigrees. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  45. ↑ Locke, Michelle. "DOBERMAN HEROES OF WORLD WAR II". Doberman Rescue Unlimited. Archived from the original on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  46. ↑ Doberman Pinscher. Kennel Club Books. 2008. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-59378-230-6.
  47. ↑ "Bingo von Ellendonk". Doberman Pedigrees. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  48. ↑ "Borong the Warlock". Retrieved 8 August 2010.
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