Drug Recognition Expert

A Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) is a law enforcement officer trained to identify people whose driving is impaired by drugs other than, or in addition to, alcohol .

DREs often testify in court, where the term "expert" has important legal implications. Some jurisdictions do not allow the term Drug Recognition Expert. In these jurisdictions DREs are called Drug Recognition Evaluators, or Drug Recognition Technicians.

The acronym 'DRE' has been used to refer not just to the DRE officers, but also to the examination they perform, the "Drug Recognition Examination," or "Drug Recognition Evaluation." The confluence of acronyms leads to confusion, and the IACP now calls the evaluation done by DRE officers the "Drug Influence Evaluation," DIE.

DIEs were developed by police officers from the Los Angeles (California) Police Department in the early 1970s. The officers' drug recognition methods were officially recognized by the LAPD management in 1979, and adopted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the early 1980s.

As of 2005, approximately 6,000 police officers are certified as Drug Recognition Experts. Certification is issued by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP).[1] To remain certified and in good standing, DREs must track their evaluations and enter the results into an online database.

DRE Training

DRE training and certification standards are defined by the International Association of Chiefs of Police [2] Training is available only to "a person ... in the employ and under the direct control of (1) a public criminal justice agency involved in the enforcement of criminal or traffic safety laws or (2) an institution involved in providing training services to officers of law enforcement agencies.".[3] IACP standards require DREs training to be done using an official Student Manual. This manual.[4] is widely cited in court as defining standards for the performance of a Drug Influence Evaluation.

12 Step DRE process

A DIE involves the following 12 steps (a detailed description for each step is given at the DECP.org[5])

  1. Breath Alcohol Test: The arresting officer reviews the subject’s breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) test results and determines if the subject’s apparent impairment is consistent with the subject’s BrAC. If so, the officer will not normally call a DRE. If the impairment is not explained by the BrAC, the officer requests a DRE evaluation.
  2. Interview of the Arresting Officer
  3. Preliminary Examination and First Pulse
  4. Eye Examinations
  5. Divided Attention Psychophysical Tests
  6. Vital Signs and Second Pulse
  7. Dark Room Examinations
  8. Examination for Muscle Tone
  9. Check for Injection Sites and Third Pulse
  10. Subject’s Statements and Other Observations
  11. Analysis and Opinions of the Evaluator
  12. Toxicological Examination : After completing the evaluation, the DRE normally requests a urine, blood and/or saliva sample from the subject for a toxicology lab analysis.

Scientific Validation

The DIE testing done by DRE officers is said to be scientific. This claim is critical to the admission of DRE expert testimony in criminal trials. The DRE Student Manual identifies three scientific studies as being those that validate DRE testing.[6] These studies are: Bigelow 1985 (aka the Johns Hopkins study);[7] Compton 1986 (aka the LAPD-173 study);[8] and Adler 1994 (aka the Arizona DRE Validation Study).[9] Other studies have called into question the scientific validity of these three validation studies, and several courts have held that DRE evidence is not admissible under the rules of evidence. (STILL NEED SOURCES OF SAID STUDIES)

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.theiacp.org/
  2. ↑ International Standards of the Drug Evaluation and Classification Program http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/DREstandards.pdf
  3. ↑ International Standards of the DECP §1.1
  4. ↑ NHTSA: Drug Evaluation and classification training: the Drug Recognition Expert School. Washington, DC: National Traffic Highway Safety Administration;2010. DOT HS172A R01/10.
  5. ↑ "12 Step Process – IACP DECP Multisite". www.decp.org. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  6. ↑ NHTSA: Drug Evaluation and Classification Training: the Drug Recognition Expert School. Washington, DC: NHTSA 2010. DOT HS172A R01/10, Session III, page 4ff
  7. ↑ Bigelow GE, et al. Identifying Types of Drug Intoxication: Laboratory Evaluation of the Subject Examination Procedure. Washington, DC: NHTSA 1985, DOT HS 806
  8. ↑ Compton RP. Field Evaluation of the Los Angeles Police Department Drug Detection Program. Washington, DC: NHTSA1986. DOT HS 807 012;
  9. ↑ Adler EV, Burns M: Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) Validation Study. Phoenix: Arizona Governor’s Office of Highway Safety; 1994.

External links

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