Environment of North Korea

Kumgang Mountain

The environment of North Korea comprises the diverse ecosystems of the part of the Korean peninsula controlled by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Since the 1980s, the environment has been reported to be in a state of "crisis", "catastrophe", or "collapse".[1][2][3]

Overview

More than 80 percent of North Korea is mountainous, with cultivation largely confined to coastal strips in the east and west.[4] According to a United Nations Environmental Programme report in 2003, forest covers over 70 percent of the country, mostly on steep slopes.[5] There are nine rivers and numerous smaller waterways.[6] The environment is correspondingly diverse, including alpine, forest, farmland, freshwater, and marine ecosystems.[7]

Due to its geological history, the country has a range of vegetation, from the subtropical, temperate, and frigid zones, which are able to coexist due to the combined effects of oceanic and continental climates.[8] The climate has pronounced seasonal variations, with warm summers and snowfall in winter.[9]

Biodiversity

In 2003, animal and plant species in North Korea were reported to be "profuse". Four percent of the higher plant species were reported to be endangered, vulnerable, rare, or in decline. Eleven percent of vertebrate species were reported to be critically endangered, endangered, or rare.[10]

In 2013 a delegation of visiting scientists reported major environmental devastation. They described an absence of wildlife and said that the "landscape is basically dead". This situation was described as "so severe it could destabilize the whole country".[2]

However, a group of birdwatchers from the Pukorokoro Miranda Naturalists' Trust, New Zealand, visited the Yellow Sea shore of Mundŏk County in South P'yŏngan province in 2016 and reported that the mudflats there were a haven for bird life. The relative lack of development there compared to nearby China and South Korea had provided a refuge for several internationally important birds on their migration along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway - such as the critically endangered Eastern curlew, the Eurasian curlew and the bar-tailed godwit.[11]

Flora

Further information: Flora of North Korea

The flora of North Korea has much in common with that of other areas of the northern hemisphere. 2898 species have been recorded, of which 14% are endemic. Four are classified as threatened.[12]

The native plant communities in the lowlands have largely disappeared with cultivation and urbanisation. Native conifer forest communities are located in the highlands. The forest types are mainly subarctic (boreal) and cool-temperate forest.[13]

Environmental problems

Smog at street level in Pyongyang.

Pollution

In 2003, air pollution in Pyongyang, largely due to combustion of coal, was reported to be unacceptable.[1][14] This is somewhat mitigated by the high use of public transport in urban areas.[15]

In 2003, the pollution of rivers and streams was reported to be "severe" due to a decrease in investment in environmental protection and the improper discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluent. The quality of the Taedong River, which flows through Pyongyang, was reported to be "deteoriating", exacerbated by the construction of the West Sea Barrage.[1][16]

Deforestation

Cultivation, logging, and natural disasters have all put pressure on North Korea's forests. During the economic crisis of the 1990s, deforestation accelerated, as people turned to the woodlands to provide firewood and food. This in turn has led to soil erosion, soil depletion, and increased risk of flooding.[1][2][3][17]

Based on satellite imagery, it has been estimated that 40 percent of forest cover has been lost since 1985.[18] The United Nations Environmental Programme in 2003 reported a much smaller rate of depletion.[19]

Environmental programs

In response to the deforestation problem, North Korea has implemented a tree planting program.[20][21] Government pronouncements have labeled illegal forest destruction as "treachery" and threatened perpetrators with the death penalty.[22]

North Korea has ratified the Kyoto Protocol on global warming. It has been co-operating with international efforts on climate change.[23] It has invested in the development of solar and other renewable energy technology.[24]

North Korea has participated international environmental projects, such as the conservation of the red-crowned crane.[25]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Tenenbaum, David J. "International Health: North Korean Catastrophe". Environ Health Perspect. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 McKenna, Phil (March 6, 2013). "Inside North Korea's Environmental Collapse". PBS.
  3. 1 2 Kirby, Alex (August 27, 2004). "North Korea's environment crisis". BBC.
  4. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 53.
  5. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 12.
  6. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 30.
  7. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). pp. 13, 52.
  8. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 12.
  9. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 11.
  10. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 53.
  11. ↑ "Why North Korea is a safe haven for birds". BBC News. 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
  12. ↑ Haggett, Peter (2001). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Marshall Cavendish. p. 3088. ISBN 0761472894.
  13. ↑ Jirí Kolbek; Ivan Jarolímek; Milan Valachovic (2003). "8: Forest Vegetation of the Northern Korean Peninsula". In Jirí Kolbek; Miroslav Šrůtek. Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia. Springer. pp. 264, 294. ISBN 1402013701.
  14. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). pp. 37–38.
  15. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 43.
  16. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). p. 29.
  17. ↑ "The Environment Is So Bad in North Korea, They'll Even Let Americans Help". The Atlantic Wire. April 3, 2012.
  18. ↑ Raven, Peter (2013-09-09). "Engaging North Korea through Biodiversity Protection". Science & Diplomacy. 2 (3).
  19. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). pp. 25–27.
  20. ↑ "North Korean Cabinet Adopts Forest Restoration Resolution". The Institute of Far Eastern Studies. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  21. ↑ United Nations Environmental Programme. "DPR Korea: State of the Environment, 2003" (PDF). pp. 25–27.
  22. ↑ Dagyum Ji (15 November 2016). "Exclusive: N.Korean warning threatens deforesters with execution". NK News.
  23. ↑ Habib, Benjamin (20 May 2014). "North Korea: an unlikely champion in the fight against climate change". The Guardian.
  24. ↑ Byrne, Leo (11 August 2016). "North Korea holds solar, renewable tech exhibition". NK News.
  25. ↑ Wagner, Eric (April 2011). "The DMZ's Thriving Resident: The Crane". The Smithsonian Magazine.
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