Ephydridae

Ephydridae
Hydrellia griseola
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Brachycera
Section:	Schizophora
Subsection:	Acalyptratae
Superfamily:	Ephydroidea
Family:	Ephydridae
Subfamilies and tribes
Discomyzinae tribe Discomyzini tribe Psilopini Ephydrinae tribe Dagini tribe Ephydrini tribe Parydrini tribe Scatellini Gymnomyzinae tribe Discocerinini tribe Gymnomyzini tribe Hecamedini tribe Lipochaetini tribe Ochtherini Hydrelliinae tribe Atissini tribe Dryxini tribe Hydrelliini tribe Notiphilini tribe Typopsilopini Ilytheinae tribe Atissini tribe Ilytheini

Ephydridae (shore fly, sometimes brine fly) is a family of insects in the order Diptera.

Shore flies are tiny flies that can be found near seashores or at smaller inland waters, such as ponds. About 2,000 species have been described worldwide,^[1] including Ochthera.

The petroleum fly, Helaeomyia petrolei, is the only known insect whose larvae live in naturally occurring crude petroleum. Another notable species is Ephydra hians which lives in vast number at Mono Lake.

Hyadina pulchella note the patterned wings, wide mouth and (on upper side) plumose arista

Discomyza wing veins

Description

For terms see Morphology of Diptera

Minute to small (0.9 to 7.0 mm.) flies, black or gray. Wings sometimes patterned. Costa with two interruptions in first section (near the humeral cross-vein and again near the end of vein 1.Second basal cell not separated from discal cell. Arista bare or with hairs on the upper side (plumose on the upper side). Mouth opening very large in some species. Ratio of vertical diameter of eye and height of gena (face index) widely used in identification of species.

Limnellia quadrata on Urtica video

See Family description and images

Larvae

In the tribe Notiphilini the head is reduced to a cephalic skeleton, there are no anterior spiracles and the posterior spiracles are extended as spines. The other taxa have larvae similar to the Sciomyzidae, with the posterior spiracles at the apices of divergent branches from a common base. They may be differentiated by short thoracic segments (like the abdominal ones) and by the absence of a ventral arch linking the mouth hooks.

Identification

• Andersson, H. (1971), The European species of Limnellia (Dipt., Ephydridae). Entomologica Scandinavica 2: 53–59.Key to European species.
• Becker, T. (1926), Ephydridae. 56a. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.). Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region 6: 1–115. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision (in German).
• Canzoneri, S. & Meneghini, D. (1983), Ephydridae e Canaceidae. Fauna d’Italia XX.Revision of the Italian species for these two families (in Italian).
• Mathis, W.N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1990), A revision of the western Palaearctic species of Athyroglossa (Diptera: Ephydridae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 116: 103–133. Revision of the West Palaearctic species of the genus.
• E.P. Narchuk Family Ephydridae in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition.
• Zatwarnicki, T. (1997), Ephydridae. In: Nilsson, A. (Ed.) Aquatic Insects of North Europe (A Taxonomic Handbook). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. Includes a key (in English) to the genera.

Habitats

Ephydridae occupy a diverse array of seashore and wetland habitats including hot springs, petroleum pools, salt pools, alkaline lakes, marshes. Imago phytophagous, sometimes feeds on microscopic algae and bacteria (Paracoenia, Ephydra), or predatory (Ochthera, Ephydrinae). As larvae, many are phytophagous, grazing on aquatic plants (including cultivated rice), others are algal grazers or saprophagous. Larvae of Trimerina are predatory. Some species are an important food source for other animals. Others cause damage to agricultural crops.^[2]

Larvae of some Ephydridae live in very unusual habitats. For example, Ephydra brucei lives in hot springs and geysers where the water temperature exceeds 45 degrees Celsius; some Scatella live in hot sulphur springs; Helaeomyia petrolei develops in pools of crude oil; and Ephydra cinera, the brine fly proper, in pools with very high concentrations of salt. Some have public health significance being associated with sewage filter beds and septic tanks. Flies develop in moist soils or mine leaves of aquatic, subaquatic, and rarely dry soil (Hydrellia) plants. Flies are found near water along coasts, among aquatic vegetation and sometimes on water surfaces (Ephydra).

Species lists

• Western Palaearctic
• Nearctic
• Japan

Phylogeny

Ephydroidea    Curtonotidae  Drosophilidae+Camillidae  Ephydridae  Diastatidae sensu lato	Ephydroidea    Curtonotidae+Drosophilidae  Campichoetidae  Ephydridae+Camillidae  Diastatidae
McAlpine (1989)[3]	Grimaldi (1990)[4]

References

1. Zatwarnicki T, Kahanpää J (2014) Checklist of the family Ephydridae of Finland (Insecta, Diptera). In: Kahanpää J, Salmela J (Eds) Checklist of the Diptera of Finland. ZooKeys 441: 339–346. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.441.7448
2. Louis S. Hesler 1995 Bibliography on Hydrellia griseola Fallen (Diptera: Ephydridae) and review of its biology and pest status DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
3. McAlpine, J.F. 1989. Chapter 116. Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha. In Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 3. Coordinated by J.F. McAlpine and D.M. Wood. Agriculture Canada Monograph, 32. pp. 1397–1518.
4. David Grimald, 1990 A phylogenetic, revised classification of genera in the Drosophilidae (Diptera) Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History 1971-139

External links

• Data related to Ephydridae at Wikispecies
• Diptera.info Image Gallery