Epicycloid

The red curve is an epicycloid traced as the small circle (radius r = 1) rolls around the outside of the large circle (radius R = 3).

In geometry, an epicycloid is a plane curve produced by tracing the path of a chosen point on the circumference of a circle — called an epicycle — which rolls without slipping around a fixed circle. It is a particular kind of roulette.

Equations

If the smaller circle has radius r, and the larger circle has radius R = kr, then the parametric equations for the curve can be given by either:

$x(\theta )=(R+r)\cos \theta -r\cos \left({\frac {R+r}{r}}\theta \right)$

$y(\theta )=(R+r)\sin \theta -r\sin \left({\frac {R+r}{r}}\theta \right),$

or:

$x(\theta )=r(k+1)\cos \theta -r\cos \left((k+1)\theta \right)\,$

$y(\theta )=r(k+1)\sin \theta -r\sin \left((k+1)\theta \right).\,$

If k is an integer, then the curve is closed, and has k cusps (i.e., sharp corners, where the curve is not differentiable).

If k is a rational number, say k=p/q expressed in simplest terms, then the curve has p cusps.

If k is an irrational number, then the curve never closes, and forms a dense subset of the space between the larger circle and a circle of radius R + 2r.

• Epicycloid examples
• 

  k = 1

• 

  k = 2

• 

  k = 3

• 

  k = 4

• 

  k = 2.1 = 21/10

• 

  k = 3.8 = 19/5

• 

  k = 5.5 = 11/2

• 

  k = 7.2 = 36/5

The epicycloid is a special kind of epitrochoid.

An epicycle with one cusp is a cardioid, two cusps is a nephroid.

An epicycloid and its evolute are similar.^[1]

Proof

sketch for proof

We assume that the position of $p$ is what we want to solve, $\alpha$ is the radian from the tangential point to the moving point $p$, and $\theta$ is the radian from the starting point to the tangential point.

Since there is no sliding between the two cycles, then we have that

$\ell _{R}=\ell _{r}$

By the definition of radian (which is the rate arc over radius), then we have that

$\ell _{R}=\theta R,\ell _{r}=\alpha r$

From these two conditions, we get the identity

$\theta R=\alpha r$

By calculating, we get the relation between $\alpha$ and $\theta$, which is

$\alpha ={\frac {R}{r}}\theta$

From the figure, we see the position of the point $p$ clearly.

$x=\left(R+r\right)\cos \theta -r\cos \left(\theta +\alpha \right)=\left(R+r\right)\cos \theta -r\cos \left({\frac {R+r}{r}}\theta \right)$

$y=\left(R+r\right)\sin \theta -r\sin \left(\theta +\alpha \right)=\left(R+r\right)\sin \theta -r\sin \left({\frac {R+r}{r}}\theta \right)$

See also

• List of periodic functions
• Cycloid
• Cyclogon
• Hypocycloid
• Epitrochoid
• Hypotrochoid
• Spirograph
• Deferent and epicycle
• Epicyclic gearing
• Multibrot set

References

• J. Dennis Lawrence (1972). A catalog of special plane curves. Dover Publications. pp. 161,168–170,175. ISBN 0-486-60288-5.

1. Epicycloid Evolute - from Wolfram MathWorld

External links

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Epicycloid". MathWorld.

• "Epicycloid" by Michael Ford, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Epicycloid", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
• Animation of Epicycloids, Pericycloids and Hypocycloids
• Spirograph -- GeoFun
• Historical note on the application of the epicycloid to the form of Gear Teeth