Ernst Engelberg

Ernst Engelberg

Ernst Engelberg, was called to testify as an "expert witness" at the Globke Trial in 1963.
Born 5 April 1909
Haslach im Kinzigtal, Baden, Germany
Died 18 December 2010
Berlin, Germany
Occupation Historian
Spouse(s) Waltraut Seifert
(born Waltraut Duchatsch)
Children Achim Engelberg (writer)
Renate Rauer (architect)

Ernst Engelberg (5 April 1909 – 18 December 2010) was a German university professor and historian.[1]

He made a particularly noteworthy contribution with his two volume biography of Otto von Bismarck[2] which in the view of at least one commentator represented a paradigm shift for historiography in the German Democratic Republic.[3]

Life

Provenance

Ernst Engelberg was born into a family with well documented democratic revolutionary credentials. His grandfather Julius Engelberg (1829-1902) had taken to calling himself "von Engelberg" and joined a citizens' militia in the aftermath of 1848. Ernst Engelberg's father, Wilhelm Engelberg (1862-1947), was a publisher and a left-wing activist, who in 1898 had founded the local Social Democratic Party association in Haslach.[4] The family was politically aware, and even as an old man Wilhelm Engelberg delighted to proclaim himself a "democrat of 1848" ("Ich bin 48er Demokrat").[4]

Early years

Following a childhood that encouraged political questioning, and which was overshadowed by war, post war political turmoil, and the economic disaster of the 1920s inflation, Engelberg found himself propelled towards the Young Communists, which he joined in 1928, and the Communist Party which he joined following his 21st birthday, two years later.[1] His university studies took him between 1927 and 1934 to the Universities of Freiburg (briefly), Munich and Berlin, where one of his tutors was Gustav Mayer.[1] In addition to History, he studied Social Economics (Nationalökonomie), Philosophy and Jurisprudence.[1] His doctoral dissertation was produced under the supervision of Hermann Oncken and, later, Fritz Hartung: it was concerned with Social Democracy in Germany and Chancellor Bismarck's social policy.[5] By the time his dissertation was completed, however, in 1934, régime change had come to Germany, and his old history tutor, Gustav Mayer (who was Jewish), had been sacked from his university posts and persuaded to emigrate to (at this stage) the Netherlands.[6] Ernst Engelberg's turned out to be one of very few doctorates awarded for a Marxist dissertation under the Third Reich.

Writing more than eight decades later, Engelberg's son commended the independence demonstrated by the Humboldt University scholars awarding Ernst Engelberg his doctorate in defiance of the known political preferences of the ruling party.[5] A few days after the traditional ceremony held on 22 February 1934 in which Engelberg orally defended his work before a committee of examiners Nemesis followed, however.[5] On the evening 26 February he was arrested, and faced the régime's usual charge in such cases: Conspiracy to Commit High Treason.[1] He faced trial, with others, on 17 October 1934 and was sentenced to an eighteen-month term, which he spent in the prison at Luckau.[5] He later told his son that he had considered himself lucky: if the Nazis had known that Engelberg was the Communist Party student leader identified with the cover name "Alfred", his sentence would have been spent not in a prison but in a concentration camp.[5]

Exile

On his release, in 1936 Engelberg fled to Switzerland.[1] Here, following advice received from Gustav Mayer, he applied to and was accepted by the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, from whom he now received a stipendium.[7] He also became a member of the recently established Geneva branch of the Institute for Social Research, where fellow academic luminaries in exile included Hans Mayer, Hans Kelsen and Max Horkheimer.[7] He had contacts with the Movement for a Free Germany.[8]

In 1940. thanks to the contacts of Max Horkheimer he was able to emigrate to Turkey. Between 1940 and 1947 he worked as a lecturer at Istanbul University. He tried without success to obtain permission to emigrate to the United States or Cuba.[5] The war ended in May 1945, but Engelberg, like many, encountered what sources term bureaucratic delays in attempting to return to what remained of Germany. In the end he succeeded in returning to Germany via Italy and Switzerland early in 1948,[9] which was too late to renew his relationship with his father, Wilhelm Engelberg, who had died the previous year.[5] The part of Germany to which he returned was in 1948 still administered as the Soviet occupation zone, which later, in October 1949, was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic, a new Soviet sponsored German state which was administratively configured according to Soviet precepts, and in which for the next forty years, Ernst Engelberg pursued a successful academic career. On arriving in 1948 he lost little time in joining the newly formed SED (party) which in due course became the ruling party of this new East German state.[9]

The German Democratic Republic

In east Germany took a teaching post at the Teaching Academy ("Pädagogische Hochschule") in Potsdam (subsequently subsumed into to University of Potsdam). The next year, 1949, Ernst Engelberg was appointed Professor for the "History of the German Labour Movement" at Leipzig University, where colleagues included Hans Mayer (an old comrade from their time in Geneva), Ernst Bloch and Walter Markov,[10] along with Werner Krauß, Wieland Herzfelde and Hermann Budzislawski. In 1951 he was appointed Director of Leipzig's newly established Institute for the History of the German People (" Institut für Geschichte des dt. Volkes"),[11] a post he held till 1960.[1] Research concentrated on the revolutionary Social Democracy Movement during the second half of the nineteenth century, and on the movement's leading figures such as August Bebel, Friedrich Engels and Julius Motteler. In 1953 he was provided with a full teaching contract by the university, where he was by now a member of the Party Leadership. He received his de:Lehrstuhl teaching chair in 1957. In addition, between March 1958 and March 1965 Ernst Engelberg served as President of the newly established (East) German Historical Society.[12]

Further appointments at the vital interface between the academic and political worlds followed. In 1960 the (East) German Academy of Sciences appointed him as Director of its Institute for German History in succession to Karl Obermann.[1] From 1969 till his retirement in 1974 he headed up the restructuring of the Academy's so-called "Research Centre for Methodology and then History of History Sciences" ("Forschungsstelle für Methodologie und Geschichte der Geschichtswissenschaft"). During this time he developed and promulgated his "Education Theory" ("Formationstheorie").[13] Between 1960 and 1980 Ernst Engelberg served as President of the National Committee of East German Historians ("Nationalkomitee der Historiker der DDR").[1]

By the time reunification came, Engelberg was more than 80 years old. He nevertheless lived on for more than another two decades, spending his final years living in Berlin with his second wife, Waltraut. When the old East German ruling SED mutated into the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) he signed his membership across to the new party, joining its Council of Elders ("Ältestenrat").[1]

Ernst Engelberg (1909-2010): publications (not a complete list)
  • Revolutionäre Politik und rote Feldpost 1878–1890. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1959.
  • Deutschland von 1849 bis 1871. Berlin 1965.
  • Deutschland von 1871 bis 1897. Berlin 1965.
  • Theorie, Empirie und Methode in der Geschichtswissenschaft. Gesammelte Aufsätze, Berlin 1980.
  • Bismarck. Urpreuße und Reichsgründer. Berlin 1985.
  • Bismarck. Das Reich in der Mitte Europas. Berlin 1990.
  • Die Deutschen – woher wir kommen. (Hrsg. von Achim Engelberg), Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-320-02170-2.
  • Die Bismarcks. Eine preußische Familiensaga vom Mittelalter bis heute. (zusammen mit Achim Engelberg), Siedler, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-88680-971-4.
  • Wie bewegt sich, was uns bewegt? Evolution und Revolution in der Weltgeschichte. Herausgegeben, bearbeitet und ergänzt von Achim Engelberg. Mit einer Einführung von Peter Brandt. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-515-10270-4.
  • Bismarck. Sturm über Europa. Herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Achim Engelberg, Siedler, München 2014, ISBN 9783827500243

Publications

The list of Ernst Engelberg's publications is a long one.[14]

Unusually, his two volume biography of Otto von Bismarck[2] appeared simultaneously in East Germany and West Germany, attracting attention and comment on both sides of the border.[3]

Engelberg was impressed by Bismarck's political realism, his intellectual insights and imagination, the care with which he calibrated his foreign policy, and his willingness to recognise the emergence of the new age. But the chancellor remained a stranger the world of industry and the working class.[15]

The volumes appeared separately in 1985 and 1990.[16] Rudolf von Augstein himself contributed a thoughtful review of each,[17] in Der Spiegel commending and respecting many of the biographer's insights, despite von Augstein's predicable and necessary caution over Engleberg's underlying Marxist contextualising.[16]

Awards and honours

In October 1989 Ernst Engelberg became the last recipient of the Outstanding People's Scholar ("Hervorragender Wissenschaftler des Volkes").[18]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk. "Engelberg, Ernst * 5.4.1909, † 18.12.2010 Präsident der Historiker-Gesellschaft" (in German). Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. ISBN 978-3-86153-561-4. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  2. 1 2 Ernst Engelberg; Achim Engelberg (The author's son has shortened the book for this 2014 edition, which appears as a single volume, in place of the original two) (13 Oct 2014). Bismarck: Sturm über Europa. Biographie. Siedler Verlag. ISBN 978-3827500243.
  3. 1 2 "Bismarck-Biograf Ernst Engelberg gestorben". Die Welt (online), Berlin. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  4. 1 2 Mario Keßler (19 March 1998). "Ich bin 48er Demokrat". Die Zeit (online). Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Achim Engelberg (21 September 2015). »Es tut mir leid: Ich bin wieder ganz Deiner Meinung«: Wolf Jobst Siedler und Ernst Engelberg: Eine unwahrscheinliche Freundschaft. Promotionsarbeit »Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie und die Bismarcksche Sozialpolitik«. Siedler Verlag, München. ISBN 978-3-641-15903-0.
  6. ↑ Eberhard Flessing (1990). "Mayer, Gustav: Journalist, Historiker, * 4.10.1871 Prenzlau (Brandenburg), † 21.2.1948 London. (israelitisch)". Neue Deutsche Biographie. p. 538. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  7. 1 2 Mario Keßler (April 2008). "Ernst gelberg: Zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik" (PDF). Zwischen Genfer Exil und Nachkriegsdeutschland. Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung: Gesellschaftsanalyse und politische Bildung e. V. , Berlin. pp. 343–345. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  8. ↑ "Ernst Engelberg, Historiker: Geb. 5. April 1909 in Haslach". Else Lasker-Schüler-StiftungVerbrannte und verbannte Dichter-/ KünstlerInnen – für ein Zentrum der verfolgten Künste, Wuppertal. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  9. 1 2 Reiner Möckelmann (2013). Das "neue Deutschland". Wartesaal Ankara: Ernst Reuter, Exil und Rückkehr nach Berlin. BWV (Berliner-Wissenschafts-Verlag). pp. 273–273. ISBN 978-3-8305-3143-2.
  10. ↑ Mario Keßler (December 2004). "Aufstieg und Fall des Staatssozialismus. Helmut Bocks Dokumentation" (PDF). Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung: Gesellschaftsanalyse und politische Bildung e. V. , Berlin. p. 1072. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  11. ↑ Michael Borgolte (11 September 1996). Sozialhistorische Spezialforschungen. Sozialgeschichte des Mittelalters: Eine Forschungsbilanz nach der deutschen Einheit. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Muenchen. p. 250. ISBN 978-3-486-644470.
  12. ↑ Maciej Górny (2011). Institutionen, Historiker und Entwicklungen zwischen 1945 und 1949. "Die Wahrheit ist auf unserer Seite": Nation, Marxismus und Geschichte im Ostblock. Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Weimar, Wien. p. 80. ISBN 978-3-412-20702-1.
  13. ↑ Ernst Engelberg; Wolfgang Küttler. "Formationstheorie und Geschichte". Akademie-Verlag (1978) & "Annettes Philosophenstübchen" (2003). Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  14. ↑ "Literatur von und über Ernst Engelberg". Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Bundesunmittelbare Anstalt des Öffentlichen Rechts. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  15. ↑ Stephan Speicher (20 December 2010). "Die Totengräber der Revolution waren ihre Testamentsvollstrecker geworden". Süddeutsche Zeitung.
  16. 1 2 Rudolf von Augstein, founder and part-proprietor, Der Spiegel (3 September 1990). "Das Reich in der Mitte Europas: Rudolf Augstein über Ernst Engelbergs Bismarck-Biographie (Band 2)". Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  17. ↑ Rudolf von Augstein, founder and part-proprietor, Der Spiegel (2 September 1985). "Nicht umsonst regiert man die Welt". Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  18. ↑ Lothar Mertens: Priester der Klio oder Hofchronisten der Partei? kollektivbiographische Analysen zur DDR-Historikerschaft. 2006, p. 84.
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