Pablo Escobar

This article is about the Colombian drug lord. For other uses, see Pablo Escobar (disambiguation).

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Escobar and the second or maternal family name is Gaviria.
Pablo Escobar

A mugshot of Pablo Escobar taken in 1977 by the Medellín Control Agency.
Born Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria
(1949-12-01)December 1, 1949
Rionegro, Colombia
Died December 2, 1993(1993-12-02) (aged 44)
Medellín, Colombia
Other names
  • Don Pablo (Sir Pablo)
  • El Padrino (The Godfather)
  • El Patrón (The Boss)
  • El Señor (The Lord)
  • El Mágico (The Magician)
  • El Pablito (Little Pablo)
  • El Zar de la Cocaína
    (The Tsar of Cocaine)
Occupation Founder and head of the Medellín Cartel
Religion Roman Catholicism
Criminal penalty 5 years imprisonment[1]
Spouse(s) Maria Victoria Henao (1976–1993; his death)
Children
Conviction(s) Drug trafficking and smuggling, assassinations, bombing, bribery, racketeering, murder

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpaβɺo eˈmiɺio eskoˈβar ɣaˈβiɾiä]; December 1, 1949 – December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and drug trafficker. His cartel, at the height of his career, supplied an estimated 80% of the cocaine smuggled into the United States, turning over US $21.9 billion a year in personal income.[2][3] Often called "The King of Cocaine", he was the wealthiest criminal in history, with an estimated known net worth of US $30 billion by the early 1990s (equivalent to about $54 billion as of 2015),[4] making him one of the richest men in the world at his prime.[5][6]

Escobar was born in Rionegro, Colombia, and grew up in nearby Medellín. After briefly studying at Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana of Medellín, he left without a degree and began to engage in criminal activity that involved selling contraband cigarettes, along with fake lottery tickets, and participated in motor vehicle theft. In the 1970s he began to work for various contraband smugglers, often kidnapping and holding people for ransom before beginning to distribute powder cocaine himself, as well as establishing the first smuggling routes into the United States, in 1975. His infiltration to the drug market of the U.S. expanded exponentially due to the rising demand for cocaine and, by the 1980s, it was estimated that 70 to 80 tons of cocaine were being shipped from Colombia to the U.S. on a monthly basis. His drug network was commonly known as the Medellín Cartel, which often competed with rival cartels domestically and abroad, resulting in high-rate massacres and the deaths of police officers, judges, locals and prominent politicians.

In 1982, Escobar was elected as an alternate member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia as part of the Colombian Liberal Party. Through this, he was responsible for the construction of many hospitals, schools, and churches in western Colombia, which gained him popularity inside the local Roman Catholic Church, as well as with the locals of the towns he frequented. However, Escobar was vilified by the Colombian and American governments, due to the exploits of his political power, which resulted in Colombia becoming the murder capital of the world.[7] Escobar was shot and killed by Colombian National Police, in his hometown, 24 hours after his 44th birthday.[8][9]

Early life

The city of Medellín, where Escobar grew up and began his criminal career.

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was born on December 1, 1949, in Rionegro, in the Antioquia Department of Colombia. He was the third of seven children to Abel de Jesús Dari Escobar, a farmer, and Hermilda Gaviria, an elementary school teacher.[10] Raised in the nearby town of Medellín, Escobar is thought to have began his criminal career as a teenager, allegedly stealing gravestones and sanding them down for resale to local smugglers. His brother, Roberto Escobar, denies this, instead claiming that the gravestones came from cemetery owners whose clients had stopped paying for site care, and that he had a relative who had a monuments business.[11] Escobar's son, Sebastián Marroquín, claims his father's foray into crime began with a successful practice of selling counterfeit high school diplomas,[6] generally counterfeiting those awarded by the Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana of Medellín. Escobar studied at the University for a short period, but left without obtaining a degree.[12]

Escobar eventually became involved in many criminal activities with Oscar Benel Aguirre, with the duo running petty street scams, selling contraband cigarettes, fake lottery tickets, and stealing cars. In the early 1970s, prior to entering the drug trade, Escobar acted as a thief and bodyguard, allegedly earning US $100,000 by kidnapping and holding a Medellín executive for ransom.[13] Escobar began working for Alvaro Prieto, a contraband smuggler who operated around Medellín, aiming to fulfill a childhood ambition to have COL $1 million by the time he was 22.[14] Escobar is noted for his bank deposit of COL $100 million (more than US $3 million), when he turned 26.[15]

Criminal career

Cocaine distribution

Pablo Escobar and his cartel mainly operated in the mountainous regions of Colombia, and exported from Rionegro and Medellín.

In The Accountant's Story, Roberto Escobar discusses the means by which Pablo rose from middle-class simplicity and obscurity to one of the world's wealthiest men. Beginning in 1975, Pablo started developing his cocaine operation, flying out planes several times, mainly between Colombia and Panama, along smuggling routes into the United States. When he later bought fifteen bigger airplanes, including a Learjet and six helicopters, according to his son, a dear friend of Pablo's died during the landing of an airplane, and the plane was destroyed. Pablo reconstructed the airplane from the scrap parts that were left and later hung it above the gate to his ranch at Hacienda Nápoles.

In May 1976, Escobar and several of his men were arrested and found in possession of 39 pounds (18 kg) of white paste, attempting to return to Medellín with a heavy load from Ecuador. Initially, Pablo tried to bribe the Medellín judges who were forming a case against him, and was unsuccessful. After many months of legal wrangling, he ordered the murder of the two arresting officers, and the case was later dropped. Roberto Escobar details this as the point where Pablo began his pattern of dealing with the authorities, by either bribery or murder.[16]

Roberto Escobar maintains Pablo fell into the drug business simply because other types of contraband became too dangerous to traffic. As there were no drug cartels then, and only a few drug barons, Pablo saw it as untapped territory he wished to make his own. In Peru, Pablo would buy the cocaine paste, which would then be refined in a laboratory in a two-story house in Medellín. On his first trip, Pablo bought a paltry 30 pounds (14 kg) of paste in what was noted as the first step towards building his empire. At first, he smuggled the cocaine in old plane tires, and a pilot could return as much as US $500,000 per flight, dependent on the quantity smuggled.[17]

Rise to prominence

Powder cocaine was manufactured, packaged, and sold by Pablo Escobar and his associates, and eventually distributed to the U.S. drug market.

Soon, the demand for cocaine was skyrocketing in the United States, and Escobar organized more smuggling shipments, routes, and distribution networks in South Florida, California, and other parts of the country. He and cartel co-founder Carlos Lehder worked together to develop a new trans-shipment point in the Bahamas, an island called Norman's Cay about 220 miles (350 km) southeast of the Florida coast. According to his brother, Escobar did not purchase Norman's Cay; it was, instead, a sole venture of Lehder's. Escobar and Robert Vesco purchased most of the land on the island, which included a 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) airstrip, a harbor, a hotel, houses, boats, and aircraft, and they built a refrigerated warehouse to store the cocaine. From 1978 to 1982, this was used as a central smuggling route for the Medellín Cartel. With the enormous profits generated by this route, Escobar was soon able to purchase 7.7 square miles (20 km2) of land in Antioquia for several million dollars, on which he built the Hacienda Nápoles. The luxury house he created contained a zoo, a lake, a sculpture garden, a private bullring, and other diversions for his family and the cartel.[18]

At one point it was estimated that 70 to 80 tons of cocaine were being shipped from Colombia to the United States every month. In the mid-1980s, at the height of its power, the Medellín Cartel was shipping as much as 11 tons per flight in jetliners to the United States (the biggest load shipped by Escobar was 51,000 pounds (23,000 kg) mixed with fish paste and shipped via boat, as confirmed by his brother in the book Escobar). Roberto Escobar also claimed that, in addition to using planes, his brother employed two small submarines to transport the massive loads.[2]

Established drug network

In 1982 Escobar was elected as an alternate member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia, as part of the Colombian Liberal Party.[19] This made Escobar the official representative of the Colombian government for the swearing-in of Felipe González in Spain.

Escobar quickly became known internationally as his drug network gained notoriety; the Medellín Cartel controlled a large portion of the drugs that entered the United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and Spain. The production process was also altered, with coca from Bolivia and Peru replacing the coca from Colombia, which was beginning to be seen as substandard quality than the coca from the neighboring countries. As demand for more and better cocaine increased, Escobar began working with Roberto Suárez Goméz, helping to further the product to other countries in the Americas and Europe, as well as being rumored to reach as far as Asia.

Plata o plomo

Corruption and intimidation characterized Escobar's dealings with the Colombian system. He worked to implement an effective, inescapable policy for dealing with law enforcement and the government, referred to as "plata o plomo" (literally "silver or lead", colloquially "[accept] money or [face] bullets"). Its execution resulted in the deaths of hundreds of individuals, including civilians, policemen, and state officials. At the same time, Escobar bribed countless government officials, judges, and other politicians. He was allegedly responsible for the 1989 murder of Colombian presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán, the heavy favorite in the 1990 Colombian presidential election, as well as for the bombing of Avianca Flight 203 and the 1989 DAS Building bombing in Bogotá. The Medellín Cartel would also be involved in a deadly drug war with its primary rival, the Cali Cartel, for most of its existence.

Palace of Justice siege

Escobar was held directly responsible by various media publications for the 1985 storming of the Colombian Supreme Court.

It is alleged that Escobar backed the 1985 storming of the Colombian Supreme Court by left-wing guerrillas from the 19th of April Movement, also known as M-19. The siege, which was done in retaliation to the Supreme Court studying the constitutionality of Colombia's extradition treaty with the U.S., resulted in the murders of half the judges on the court[20] M-19 were paid to break into the Palace and burn all papers and files on Los Extraditables — a group of cocaine smugglers who were under threat of being extradited to the U.S. by the Colombian government. Escobar was listed as a part of Los Extraditables. Hostages were also taken for negotiation of their release, thus helping to prevent extradition of Los Extraditables to the U.S. for their crimes.[21]

Height of power

During the height of its operations, the Medellín Cartel brought in more than US $70 million per day (roughly $22 billion in a year). Smuggling 15 tons of cocaine per day, worth more than half a billion dollars, into the United States, the cartel spent over US $1000 per week purchasing rubber bands to wrap the stacks of cash, storing most of it in their warehouses. Ten percent (10%) of the cash had to be written off per year because of "spoilage", due to rats creeping in and nibbling on the bills they could reach.[14]

When questioned about the essence of the cocaine business, Escobar replied with "[the business is] simple: you bribe someone here, you bribe someone there, and you pay a friendly banker to help you bring the money back."[22] In 1989, Forbes magazine estimated Escobar to be one of 227 billionaires in the world with a personal net worth of close to US $3 billion[23] while his Medellín Cartel controlled 80% of the global cocaine market.[24] It is commonly believed that Escobar was the principal financier behind Medellín's Atlético Nacional, which won South America's most prestigious football tournament, the Copa Libertadores, in 1989.[25]

While seen as an enemy of the United States and Colombian governments, Escobar was a hero to many in Medellín (especially the poor people). He was a natural at public relations, and he worked to create goodwill among the poor of Colombia. A lifelong sports fan, he was credited with building football fields and multi-sports courts, as well as sponsoring children's football teams.[14] Escobar was also responsible for the construction of many hospitals, schools, and churches in western Colombia, which gained him popularity inside the local Roman Catholic Church.[26] He worked hard to cultivate his Robin Hood image, and frequently distributed money through housing projects and other civic activities, which gained him notable popularity among the poor. The population of Medellín often helped Escobar avoid police capture by serving as lookouts, hiding information from authorities, or doing whatever else they could to protect him. At the height of his power, drug traffickers from Medellín and other areas were handing over between 20% and 35% of their Colombian cocaine-related profits to Escobar, as he was the one who shipped cocaine successfully to the United States.

The Colombian cartels' continuing struggles to maintain supremacy resulted in Colombia quickly becoming the world's murder capital with 25,100 violent deaths in 1991 and 27,100 in 1992.[27] This increased murder rate was fueled by Escobar's giving money to his hitmen as a reward for killing police officers, over 600 of whom died as a result.[7]

La Catedral prison

Main article: La Catedral

After the assassination of Luis Carlos Galán, the administration of César Gaviria moved against Escobar and the drug cartels. Eventually, the government negotiated with Escobar and convinced him to surrender and cease all criminal activity in exchange for a reduced sentence and preferential treatment during his captivity. Declaring an end to a series of previous violent acts meant to pressure authorities and public opinion, Escobar surrendered to Colombian authorities in 1991. Before he gave himself up, the extradition of Colombian citizens to the United States had been prohibited by the newly approved Colombian Constitution of 1991. This act was controversial, as it was suspected that Escobar and other drug lords had influenced members of the Constituent Assembly in passing the law. Escobar was confined in what became his own luxurious private prison, La Catedral, which featured a football pitch, giant doll house, bar, jacuzzi and waterfall. Accounts of Escobar's continued criminal activities while in prison began to surface in the media, which prompted the government to attempt to move him to a more conventional jail on July 22, 1992. Escobar's influence allowed him to discover the plan in advance and make a well-timed escape, spending the rest of his life evading the police.[28]

Search Bloc and Los Pepes

Main articles: Los Pepes and Search Bloc

Following Escobar's escape, the United States Joint Special Operations Command (consisting of members of DEVGRU, Delta Force and Centra Spike) joined the manhunt for Escobar. They trained and advised a special Colombian police task force known as the Search Bloc, which had been created to locate Escobar. Later, as the conflict between Escobar and the governments of the United States and Colombia dragged on, and as the numbers of Escobar's enemies grew, a vigilante group known as Los Pepes (Los Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar, "People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar") was formed. The group was financed by his rivals and former associates, including the Cali Cartel and right-wing paramilitaries led by Carlos Castaño, who would later fund the Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá. Los Pepes carried out a bloody campaign, fueled by vengeance, in which more than 300 of Escobar's associates and relatives were slain, and a large amount of the Medellín cartel's property was destroyed.

Members of the Search Bloc, and Colombian and United States intelligence agencies, in their efforts to find Escobar, either colluded with Los Pepes or moonlighted as both Search Bloc and Los Pepes simultaneously. This coordination was allegedly conducted mainly through the sharing of intelligence in order to allow Los Pepes to bring down Escobar and his few remaining allies, but there are reports that some individual Search Bloc members directly participated in missions of Los Pepes death squads.[26] One of the leaders of Los Pepes was Diego Murillo Bejarano (also known as "Don Berna"), a former Medellín Cartel associate who became a rival drug kingpin and eventually emerged as a leader of one of the most powerful factions within the Self-Defence of Colombia.

Death

Members of Search Bloc celebrate over Escobar's body on December 2, 1993. His death ended a 15-month search effort, costing hundreds of millions of dollars.

The war against Pablo Escobar ended on December 2, 1993, amid another of Escobar's attempts to elude the Search Bloc. A Colombian electronic surveillance team, led by Brigadier Hugo Martínez,[29] used radio triangulation technology to track his radiotelephone transmissions and found him hiding in Los Olivos, a middle-class barrio in Medellín. With authorities closing in, a firefight with Escobar and his bodyguard, Alvaro de Jesús Agudelo (a.k.a. "El Limón"), ensued. The two fugitives attempted to escape by running across the roofs of adjoining houses to reach a back street, but both were shot and killed by Colombian National Police.[8] Escobar suffered gunshots to the leg and torso, and a fatal gunshot through the ear.

It has never been proven who actually fired the final shot into his ear, or determined whether this shot was made during the gunfight or as part of a possible execution, with wide speculation remaining regarding the subject. Some of Escobar's relatives believe that he had committed suicide.[9][30] His two brothers, Roberto Escobar and Fernando Sánchez Arellano, believe that he shot himself through the ear. In a statement regarding the topic, the duo would state that Pablo "had committed suicide, he did not get killed. During all the years they went after him, he would say to me every day that if he was really cornered without a way out, he would 'shoot himself through the ear'."[31]

Personal life

Family and relationships

In March 1976, a 27 year old Escobar married Maria Victoria Henao, who was 15. Despite Maria's older brother having previously worked with Escobar in small-scale criminal enterprises, the relationship was discouraged by the Henao family, who considered Escobar socially inferior. This prompted the pair to elope,[15] and they soon had two children: Juan Pablo (now Sebastián Marroquín) and Manuela.

Journalist Virginia Vallejo published the memoir Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar (Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar) in 2007, in which she describes having a romantic relationship with Escobar. Drug distributor Griselda Blanco is also reported to have conducted a clandestine, but passionate, relationship with Escobar, with several items in her later-found diary linking him with the nicknames "Coque de Mi Rey" (My Coke King) and "Polla Blanca" (White Dick).[32]

Properties

After becoming wealthy, Escobar created or bought numerous residences and safe houses, with the Hacienda Nápoles gaining significant notoriety. The luxury house contained a colonial house, a sculpture park, and a complete zoo with animals from various continents, including elephants, exotic birds, giraffes, and hippopotamuses. Escobar had also planned to construct a Greek-style citadel near it, and though construction of the citadel was started, it was never finished.[33]

Escobar also owned a home in the US under his own name: a 6500 square foot, pink, waterfront mansion situated at 5860 North Bay Road in Miami Beach, Florida. The four-bedroom estate, built in 1948 on Biscayne Bay, was seized by the government in the 1980s. Later, the dilapidated property was owned by Christian de Berdouare, proprietor of the Chicken Kitchen fast-food chain, who had bought it in 2014. De Berdouare would later hire a documentary film crew and professional treasure hunters to search the edifice before and after demolition, for anything related to Escobar or his cartel. They would find unusual holes in floors and walls, as well as a safe that was stolen from its hole in the marble flooring before it could be properly examined.[34]

Escobar also owned a massive Caribbean getaway on Isla Grande, the largest of the cluster of the 27 coral cluster islands comprising Islas del Rosario, located approximately 22 miles from Cartagena. The compound, now half-demolished and overtaken by vegetation and wild animals, featured a mansion, apartments, courtyards, a large swimming pool, a helicopter landing pad, reinforced windows, tiled floors, and a large, unfinished building to the side of the mansion.[35]

Aftermath of his death

Soon after Escobar's death and the subsequent fragmentation of the Medellín Cartel, the cocaine market became dominated by the rival Cali Cartel until the mid-1990s when its leaders were either killed or captured by the Colombian government. The Robin Hood image that Escobar had cultivated maintained a lasting influence in Medellín. Many there, especially many of the city's poor whom Escobar had aided while he was alive, mourned his death, with over 25,000 people present for his funeral.[36]

Virginia Vallejo's testimony

On July 4, 2006, Virginia Vallejo, a television anchorwoman who was romantically involved with Escobar from 1983 to 1987, offered Colombian Attorney General Mario Germán Iguarán Arana her testimony in the trial against former Senator Alberto Santofimio, who was accused of conspiracy in the 1989 assassination of presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán. Iguarán acknowledged that, although Vallejo contacted his office on July 4, the judge had decided to close the trial on July 9, several weeks before the prospective closing date. This action was seen as too late, and Santofimio was sentenced to 24 years in prison for his role in the assassination.[37]

On July 16, Vallejo was taken to the United States by the Drug Enforcement Administration.[38] She was transported on a controlled flight for "safety and security reasons", due to Vallejo's cooperation in sensitive high-profile criminal cases.[39] On July 24, a video in which Vallejo accused Santofimio of instigating Escobar to eliminate presidential candidate Galán was aired on Colombian television.[40] This video was key in helping Santofimio gain exoneration, as well as a lack of evidence being present in the original trial.[41]

Role in the Palace of Justice siege

Among Escobar's biographers, only Vallejo has given a detailed explanation of his role in the 1985 Palace of Justice siege. The journalist stated that Escobar financed the operation, which was committed by M-19. She would go on to blame the army for the killings of the Supreme Court judges and the M-19 members detained after the coup. These statements prompted a reopening of the case in 2008, and when Vallejo was asked to testify in the reopened Palace case,[42] most of the events she had described in her book and testimonial were confirmed by Colombia's Commission of Truth.[43] These events led to further investigation into the siege, which led to a high-ranking former colonel and a former general being sentenced to 30 and 35 years in prison, respectively, for the forced disappearance of the detained after the siege.[44][45] Vallejo would subsequently testify in the case of Luis Carlos Galán's assassination, which had also been reopened.[46] She would accuse several politicians, including Colombian presidents Alfonso López Michelsen, Ernesto Samper and Álvaro Uribe of having links to drug cartels.[47] Her cooperation in the cases saw Vallejo being granted political asylum in the United States on June 3, 2010.

Relatives

Escobar's widow (María Henao, now María Isabel Santos Caballero), son (Juan Pablo, now Juan Sebastián Marroquín Santos) and daughter (Manuela) fled Colombia in 1995 after failing to find a country that would grant them asylum.[48] Despite Escobar's numerous and continual infidelities, Maria remained supportive of her husband, though she urged him to eschew violence. Members of the Cali Cartel even replayed their recordings of her conversations with Pablo for their wives to demonstrate how a woman should behave.[49] This attitude proved to be the reason the cartel did not kill her and her children after Pablo's death, although the group demanded (and received) millions of dollars in reparations for Escobar's war against them. Henao even successfully negotiated for her son's life by personally guaranteeing he would not seek revenge against the cartel or participate in the drug trade.[50]

After escaping first to Mozambique, then to Brazil, the family were allowed to settle in Argentina.[51] Living under her assumed name, Henao became a successful real estate entrepreneur until one of her business associates discovered her true identity, and Henao absconded with her earnings. Local media were alerted, and after being exposed as Escobar's widow, Henao was imprisoned for eighteen months while her finances were investigated. Ultimately, authorities were unable to link her funds to illegal activity, and she was released.[52] According to her son, Henao fell in love with Escobar "because of his naughty smile [and] the way he looked at [her]. [He] was affectionate and sweet. A great lover. I fell in love with his desire to help people and his compassion for their hardship. We [would] drive to places where he dreamed of building schools for the poor. From [the] beginning, he was always a gentleman."[53]

Henao is now believed to be living under an alias in North Carolina. Argentinian filmmaker Nicolas Entel's documentary Sins of My Father (2009) chronicles Marroquín's efforts to seek forgiveness, on behalf of his father, from the sons of Rodrigo Lara, Colombia's justice minister who was assassinated in 1984, as well as from the sons of Luis Carlos Galán, the presidential candidate who was assassinated in 1989. The film was shown at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival and premiered in the US on HBO in October 2010.[54] In 2014, Marroquín published Pablo Escobar, My Father under his birth name. The book provides a firsthand insight into details of his father's life and describes the fundamentally disintegrating effect of his death upon the family. Marroquín aimed to publish the book in hopes to resolve any inaccuracies regarding his father's excursions during the 1990s.[55]

Escobar's sister, Luz Maria Escobar, also made multiple gestures in attempts to make amends for the drug baron's crimes. These include making public statements in the press, leaving letters on the graves of his victims and on the 20th anniversary of his death, organizing a public memorial for Escobar's victims.[56] Escobar's body was exhumed on October 28, 2006, at the request of some of his relatives in order to take a DNA sample to confirm the alleged paternity of an illegitimate child and remove all doubt about the identity of the body that had been buried next to his parents for 12 years.[57] A video of the exhumation was broadcast by RCN, angering Marroquín, who accused his uncle, Roberto Escobar, and cousin, Nicolas Escobar, of being "merchants of death" by allowing for the video to air.[58]

Hacienda Nápoles

After Escobar's death, the ranch, zoo and citadel at Hacienda Nápoles were given by the government to low income families under a law called Extinción de Dominio (Domain Extinction). The property has been converted into a theme park surrounded by four luxury hotels overlooking the zoo.[33]

In art, entertainment, and media

Books

Fernando Botero's portrayal of Escobar's death in one of his paintings, detailing the violence seen in Colombia.

Escobar has been the subject of several books, including the following:

Films

Two major feature films on Escobar, with Escobar (2009), and Killing Pablo (2011), were announced in 2007.[65] Details about them, and additional films about Escobar, are listed below.

Television

References

  1. ↑ David Hutt (25 September 2014). "Heroes and Villains: Pablo Escobar".
  2. 1 2 "Pablo Escobar Gaviria – English Biography – Articles and Notes". ColombiaLink.com. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  3. ↑ "Pablo Emilio Escobar 1949 – 1993 9 Billion USD – The business of crime – 5 'success' stories". Businessnews.za.msn.com. 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  4. ↑ "Pablo Escobar". celebritynetworth.com. February 2016.
  5. ↑ "10 facts reveal the absurdity of Pablo Escobar's wealth". businessinsider.com. February 2016.
  6. 1 2 Page 469, Pablo Escobar, My Father. Escobar, Juan Pablo. St. Martin's Press, New York. 2014.
  7. 1 2 Karl Penhaul (9 May 2003). "Drug kingpin's killer seeks Colombia office". The Boston Globe.
  8. 1 2 "Decline of the Medellín Cartel and the Rise of the Cali Mafia". U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  9. 1 2 "Familiares exhumaron cadáver de Pablo Escobar para verificar plenamente su identidad". El Tiempo.
  10. ↑ Marcela Grajales. "Pablo Escobar". Accents Magazine. Kean University. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  11. ↑ "Escobar Seventh Richest Man in the World in 1990". Richest Person.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  12. ↑ Salazar, Alonso. "Pablo Escobar, h el patrón del mal (La parábola de Pablo)". Google Livres. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial USA, 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  13. ↑ "Colombian Druglord Trying To Turn Wealth Into Respect". Orlando Sentinel. 10 March 1991. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  14. 1 2 3 Escobar, Roberto (2009). The Accountant's Story: Inside the Violent World of the Medellín Cartel. Grand Central Publishing.
  15. 1 2 Page 74, Pablo Escobar, My Father. Escobar, Juan Pablo. St. Martin's Press, New York. 2014.
  16. ↑ "Pablo Escobar – The Medellin Cartel". Medellintraveler.com. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  17. ↑ "Amazing story of how Pablo Escobar came to be the richest crook in history". The Daily Record. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  18. ↑ "The godfather of cocaine". Frontline. WGBH.
  19. ↑ "Así conocí a Pablo Escobar". Revista Semana. 12 May 2007.
  20. ↑ "Cali Colombia nacional Pablo Escobar financió la toma del Palacio de Justicia Escobar financió toma del Palacio de Justicia". El Pais.
  21. ↑ Jhon Jairo Velásquez (obtained 21 October 2014)
  22. ↑ "Farmer's son who bribed and murdered his way into drugs: Neither government forces nor other drug traffickers were interested in taking Pablo Escobar alive. Patrick Cockburn reports". The Independent. London. 3 December 1993.
  23. ↑ "Japan's Tsutsumi Still Tops Forbes' Richest List". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 10 July 1989. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  24. ↑ Meade, Teresa A. (2008). A history of modern Latin America, 1800 – 2000. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 302. ISBN 1-4051-2050-9. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  25. ↑ Davison, Phil. "The Road to Italy: In the Shadow of the Drug Barons". The Independent 20 May 1990. Lexis-Nexis Academic. 8 October 2009
  26. 1 2 Mark Bowden (2001). Killing Pablo: The Hunt For The World's Greatest Outlaw. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
  27. ↑ "Colombia 1993 Chapter II: The Violence Phenomenon".
  28. ↑ Treaster, Joseph B. (23 July 1992). "Colombian Drug Baron Escapes Luxurious Prison After Gunfight". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  29. ↑ Interview with Hugo Martinez – the man who 'got' Pablo Escobar D. Streatfeild. November 2000.
  30. ↑ Video of Escobar's exhumation on YouTube (Spanish)
  31. ↑ Roberts, Kenneth. (2007). Zero Hour: Killing of the Cocaine King.
  32. ↑ Jerry, Tom (September 30, 2013). "Me matan, Limon! -Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota". INEDITO. Retrieved June 19, 2016 – via YouTube.
  33. 1 2 Ceaser, Mike (2 June 2008). "At home on Pablo Escobar's ranch". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  34. ↑ Macias, Amanda Macias & Associated Press (January 24, 2016). "Military & Defense: A luxurious Miami mansion built by the 'The King of Cocaine' is no more". Business Insider.
  35. ↑ Macias, Amanda (May 12, 2016). "Military & Defense: This dilapidated villa once served as a Caribbean getaway for drug-kingpin Pablo Escobar". Business Insider.
  36. ↑ Loving Pablo,Hating Escobar. Virginia Vallejo
  37. ↑ Colombian Attorney General on Virginia Vallejo’s offer to testify against Santofimio
  38. ↑ "Virginia Vallejo takes refuge in United States". Virginia Vallejo. reprinted and translated from Gonzalo Guillen (16 July 2006). "Virginia Vallejo". El Nuevo Herald.
  39. ↑ "Pablo Escobar's Ex-Lover Flees Colombia". Fox News.
  40. ↑ "Amando a Pablo, Odiando a Escobar".
  41. ↑ "Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar".
  42. ↑ Caracol Radio (27 August 2008). "Virginia Vallejo habla sobre el narcotráfico de los 80's en Colombia". Caracol Radio.
  43. ↑ Michael Evans (17 December 2009). "Truth Commission Blames Colombian State for Palace of Justice Tragedy". UNREDACTED.
  44. ↑ "Colombia ex-officer jailed after historic conviction". BBC News.
  45. ↑ "Colombian 1985 Supreme Court raid commander sentenced". BBC News.
  46. ↑ "Galan Slaying a State Crime, Colombian Prosecutors Say". Latin American Herald Tribune.
  47. ↑ Romero, Simon (3 October 2007). "Colombian Leader Disputes Claim of Tie to Cocaine Kingpin". The New York Times. p. 1.
  48. ↑ "Drug lord's wife and son arrested". BBC News. 17 November 1999. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  49. ↑ Page 466, Pablo Escobar, My Father. Escobar, Juan Pablo. St. Martin's Press, New York. 2014.
  50. ↑ Pages 468-495, Pablo Escobar, My Father. Escobar, Juan Pablo. St. Martin's Press, New York. 2014.
  51. ↑ King, Julie (June 15, 2015). "A Cursed Family: A Look at Pablo Escobar's Family 21 Years After His Death". XPat Nation.
  52. ↑ Pages 521-537, Pablo Escobar, My Father. Escobar, Juan Pablo. St. Martin's Press, New York. 2014.
  53. ↑ Page 68, Pablo Escobar, My Father. Escobar, Juan Pablo. St. Martin's Press, New York. 2014.
  54. ↑ "Drug lord's son seeks forgiveness". CNN. 12 December 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  55. ↑ Shepherd, Jack (12 September 2016). [Narcos. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/narcos-season-2-pablo-escobar-s-son-labels-netflix-show-insulting-lists-28-historical-mistakes-a7236836.html "Narcos season 2: Pablo Escobar's son labels Netflix show 'insulting', lists 28 historical errors"] Check |url= value (help). Independent.
  56. ↑ Alexander, Harriet (3 December 2014). "Pablo Escobar's sister trying to pay for the sins of her brother (Luz Maria Escobar, the sister of Colombian cartel boss Pablo Escobar, has told how she is trying to make amends for her murderous brother". The Telegraph.
  57. ↑ "Familiares exhumaron cadáver de Pablo Escobar para verificar plenamente su identidad". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  58. ↑ "La exhumación de Pablo". Semana (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  59. ↑ Escobar, Roberto (2010). Escobar. Hodder Paperbacks.
  60. ↑ McAleese, Peter (1993). No Mean Soldier. Cassell Pub.
  61. ↑ Bowden, Mark (2002). Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw. Penguin Pub.
  62. 1 2 McNary, Dave (1 October 2007). "Yari fast-tracking Escobar biopic". Variety. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  63. 1 2 "What is actor Christian Bale doing next?". Journal Now. 25 December 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  64. ↑ Escobar, Juan Pablo (2016). Pablo Escobar: My Father. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 9781250104625.
  65. ↑ "Weekly Screengrab: Sparring Partners". TribecaFilmFestival.org. 1 October 2007.
  66. ↑ Pablo Escobar: The King of Coke. National Geographic. 2007.
  67. ↑ Pablo Escobar: The King of Coke. National Geographic. 2007.
  68. ↑ "No Bardem for Killing Pablo". WhatCulture. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  69. ↑ Fleming, Michael (8 October 2007). "Stone to produce another 'Escobar'". Variety. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
  70. ↑ "Venezuelan actor Edgar Ramirez to Play PABLO ESCOBAR". Poor But Happy.
  71. ↑ Faraci, Devin (14 August 2008). "Joe Carnahan Is Going to Be Killing a New Pablo, and We Know Who It Is". Chud.
  72. ↑ Fleming, Michael (2008-12-12). "Bob Yari crashes into Chapter 11". Variety.
  73. ↑ Barius, Claudette (June 18, 2007). "Entourage: The making of Medellín". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  74. ↑ Shepherd, Jack (July 28, 2015). "New on Netflix August 2015: From Narcos and Spellbound to Kick Ass 2 and Dinotrux". The Independent. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  75. ↑ Strause, Jackie (September 2, 2016). "'Narcos' Season 2: Episode-by-Episode Binge-Watching Guide". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  76. ↑ "Telemundo Media's 'Pablo Escobar, El Patron del Mal' Averages Nearly 2.2 Million Total Viewersby zap2it.com". TV by the Numbers. Zap2It. July 10, 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  77. ↑ "The Two Escobars". the2escobars.com.

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