Feature film

A feature film is a film (also called a movie, motion picture or just film) with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole film to fill a program. The notion of how long this should be has varied according to time and place. According to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the American Film Institute, and the British Film Institute, a feature film runs for 40 minutes or longer, while the Screen Actors Guild states that it is 80 minutes or longer.

The majority of feature films are between 70 and 210 minutes long. The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906, Australia)[1] was the first dramatic feature film released (running at approximately 60 minutes). An earlier The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight (1897, U.S.) is considered by some as the first documentary feature film (running time is 100 minutes), however it is more accurately characterized as a sports program as it included the full unedited boxing match. The first feature-length adaptation was Les Misérables (1909, U.S.). Other early feature films include The Inferno (L'Inferno) (1911), Quo Vadis? (1913), Oliver Twist (1912), Richard III (1912), From the Manger to the Cross (1912), and Cleopatra (1912).

Description

See also: Feature length

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences,[2] the American Film Institute,[3] and the British Film Institute[4] all define a feature as a film with a running time of 2400 seconds (i.e. 40 minutes) or longer. The Centre National de la Cinématographie in France defines it as a 35 mm film longer than 1,600 metres (5,200 ft), which is exactly 58 minutes and 29 seconds for sound films, and the Screen Actors Guild gives a minimum running time of at least 80 minutes.[5][6]

History

Actor playing the Australian bushranger Ned Kelly in The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first dramatic feature-length film.

The term feature film came into use to refer to the main film presented in a cinema and the one which was promoted or advertised. The term was used to distinguish the longer film from the short films (referred to as shorts) typically presented before the main film, such as newsreels, serials, animated cartoons, live-action comedies, and documentaries. There was no sudden increase in the running times of films to the present-day definitions of feature-length; the "featured" film on a film program in the early 1910s gradually expanded from two to three to four reels.

Early features had been produced in the United States and France, but were released in individual (short film) scenes. This left exhibitors the option of playing them alone, to view an incomplete combination of some films, or to run them all together as a short film series. The American company S. Lubin released a Passion Play titled Lubin's Passion Play in January 1903 in 31 parts, totaling about 60 minutes.[7] The French company Pathé Frères released a different Passion Play, The Life and Passion of Jesus Christ, in May 1903 in 32 parts running about 44 minutes. There were also full-length records of boxing matches, such as The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight (1897),[8] Reproduction Of The Corbett-Jeffries Fight (1899), and The Jeffries-Sharkey Fight (1899). In 1900, the documentary film In the Army was made. It was over 1 hour in length and was about the training techniques of the British soldier.

Defined by length, the first dramatic feature film was the Australian 70-minute film The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906).[9] Similarly, the first European feature was the 90-minute film L'Enfant prodigue (France, 1907), although that was an unmodified record of a stage play; Europe's first feature adapted directly for the screen, Les Misérables, came from France in 1909.[9] The first Russian feature was Defence of Sevastopol in 1911.[10] Early Italian features were The Inferno (L'Inferno) (1911), Quo Vadis? (1913), The Last Days of Pompeii (1913), and Cabiria (1914). The first UK features were the documentary With Our King and Queen Through India (1912), filmed in Kinemacolor[11] and Oliver Twist (1912).[9] The first American features were adaptations of Oliver Twist (1912), From the Manger to the Cross (1912), Cleopatra (1912), and Richard III (1912). The latter starring actor Frederick Warde starred in some of these movie adaptations.[12] The first Asian feature was Japan's The Life Story of Tasuke Shiobara (1912),[13] the first Indian feature was Raja Harishchandra (1913),[14] the first South American feature was Brazil's O Crime dos Banhados (1913),[13] and the first African feature was South Africa's Die Voortrekkers (1916).[13] 1913 also saw China's first feature film, Zhang Shichuan's Nan Fu Nan Qi.

By 1915 over 600 feature films were produced annually in the United States.[15] The most prolific year of U.S. feature production was 1921, with 682 releases; the lowest number of releases was in 1963, with 213.[15] Between 1922 and 1970, the U.S. and Japan alternated as leaders in the quantity of feature film production. Since 1971, the country with the highest feature output has been India,[16] which produces a thousand films in more than twelve Indian languages each year.[17]

Technological Developments

A poster for The Jazz Singer (1927) the first feature film to use recorded sound.

As time went on there were many technical advancements made in film. The first feature length film with sound was The Jazz Singer, released by Warner Bros in 1927.[18] A new recording technology called Vitaphone, which was developed by Warner Bros, was used to capture the sound for the film.[18] Before The Jazz Singer, many movie studios were reluctant to go through the expensive process of adding microphones to their sets. However, after seeing how successful the film was, other studios were scrambling to start producing their own Talkies.[19]

One of the next major advancements made in movie production was color film. Even before color was a possibility in movies, early film makers were interested in how color could enhance their stories.[20] Early techniques included hand tinting in which each individual frame had to be painted by hand.[20] Another more widely used development was toning, which involved dying the film in a signal color. Because it was faster and cheaper than hand tinting, toning was very popular and is seen in a large number of films in the 1920s.[20] It was the Film processing lab Technicolor that developed the Three-Tone coloring technique that became the standard for color film. It was a complex, time consuming, and expensive process that many movie studios were not eager to try.[21] One of the early adopters of the three strip process was Disney. Some of the most notable films Technicolor processed with three strip were The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind.[20]

Digital Video (or DV) is a technology that has had a major impact on how films are made in a relatively short period of time.[22] The new digital technology was first being used to create special effects and animated movies, by the late 90's digital cameras were becoming more and more common on film sets. in 2002 George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones was the first major feature length film to be shot entirely on digital cameras.[22] With the ability to instantly playback footage and the easy transfer of footage to computers for editing, digital cinema helped to speed up post production time.[22] Digital film making was given a big boost in 2005 when the Digital Cinema Initiative created a guide for manufacturers to create a universal standard, to make the technologies more compatible with each other and more user friendly.[22][23] shooting movies on digital also lead to new technologies for distributing films. Titan A.E. (released in 2000) was the first feature film to be released for viewing over the internet.[23] Digital distribution changed the ways people received and watched media, it also gave viewers access to huge amounts of online content on demand.[24]

References

  1. ↑ "The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906)". Australian Screen. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
  2. ↑ Rule 2 | 79th Academy Awards Rules | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences at the Wayback Machine (archived September 6, 2008)
  3. ↑ The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures
  4. ↑ Denis Gifford, The British Film Catalogue
  5. ↑ "SCREEN ACTORS GUILD LETTER AGREEMENT FOR LOW-BUDGET THEATRICAL PICTURES" (PDF). Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
  6. ↑ SCREEN ACTORS GUILD MODIFIED LOW BUDGET AGREEMENT at the Wayback Machine (archived December 29, 2009)
  7. ↑ Passion Play" (1903), in: The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures [online database].
  8. ↑ Charles Musser, The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907, pp. 197–200.
  9. 1 2 3 Patrick Robertson, Film Facts, New York: Billboard Books, 2001, p. 9. ISBN 0-8230-7943-0.
  10. ↑ Patrick Robertson, Film Facts, New York: Billboard Books, 2001, p. 13. ISBN 0-8230-7943-0.
  11. ↑ Charles Urban, A Yank in Britain: The Lost Memoirs of Charles Urban, Film Pioneer, The Projection Box, 1999, p. 79. ISBN 978-0-9523941-2-9.
  12. ↑ Patrick Robertson, Film Facts, New York: Billboard Books, 2001, p. 10. ISBN 0-8230-7943-0.
  13. 1 2 3 Patrick Robertson, Film Facts, New York: Billboard Books, 2001, pp. 10–14. ISBN 0-8230-7943-0.
  14. ↑ Patrick Robertson, Film Facts, New York: Billboard Books, 2001, p. 12. ISBN 0-8230-7943-0.
  15. 1 2 American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures [online database].
  16. ↑ Patrick Robertson, Film Facts, New York: Billboard Books, 2001, p. 15.
  17. ↑ Nelmes, Jill (2003), "10", An introduction to film studies (3 ed.), Routledge, p. 360, ISBN 0-415-26268-2
  18. 1 2 Carringer, Robert L (1979). The Jazz Singer. Wisconsin: Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0299076641.
  19. ↑ Parkinson, David (18 April 2012). "100 Ideas That Changed Film: Sound". Credo Reference. Laurence King. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Parkinson, David (18 April 2012). ""Color" 100 Ideas That Changed Film". Credo Reference. Laurence King. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  21. ↑ Kroon, Richard W. (2010). ""Technicolor." A/v A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms". Credo Reference. McFarland. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Parkinson, David (2012). ""Digital Video." 100 Ideas That Changed Film". Credo Reference. Credo Reference. Retrieved 24 Nov 2016.
  23. 1 2 Kroon, Richard W. (2014). "Digital Cinema; A/v A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms". Credo Reference. McFarland. Retrieved 24 Nov 2016.
  24. ↑ Curtin, Michael, Holt, Jennifer, and Sanson, Kevin (2014). Distribution Revolution : Conversations about the Digital Future of Film and Television. Berkeley, US: University of California Press. p. 165. ISBN 9780520959088 – via SFC Library Online.
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