Felicija Bortkevičienė

Bortkevičienė

Felicija Bortkevičienė née Povickaitė (1 September 1873 – 21 October 1945) was a Lithuanian politician and publisher of Lietuvos ūkininkas and Lietuvos žinios. She became active in social life after she moved to Vilnius in 1900 and became known as an energetic and prolific organizer, manager, and treasurer. She joined and was one of the leaders of various political parties, including Lithuanian Democratic Party, Peasant Union, and Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union. She was a delegate to the Great Seimas of Vilnius (1905) and was elected to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania (1920) and was considered for the position of Minister of Provision and Public Work (1918) and President of Lithuania (1926). Bortkevičienė organized and ran several charitable organizations, including those supporting gifted students, political prisoners of the Tsarist regime, and deported Prussian Lithuanians. She was also a member of women's movement in Lithuania, being an active member of the Lithuanian Women's Association and the chair of the Lithuanian Women's Union. For her various activities Bortkevičienė was arrested and imprisoned numerous times by different regimes, including Tsarist Russia, independent Lithuania, and Soviet Lithuania.

Biography

Early life

She was born in the Manor of Linkaučiai near Krekenava, then Russian Empire, to the family of Juozas Povickas and Antanina Ona Liutkevičiūtė, petty Lithuanian nobles. The family's manor was confiscated for the participation in the Uprising of 1863 and the family moved to Antakalnis village southeast of Ukmergė.^[1] Several of her relatives on her mother's side died in the uprising or were deported to Siberia.^[2] As a child she visited her deported grandfather and two uncles in Insar.^[1] As such, Bortkevičienė grew up surrounded by anti-Tsarist attitudes.^[3] She spoke little Lithuanian that she learned from her mother. Her father spoke Polish, but considered himself to be Lithuanian (see Polish-Lithuanian identity).^[1] By her own admission, she knew nothing of the Lithuanian National Revival before 1889.^[4]

She was tutored at home before attending the Marinskaja Girls' Gymnasium in Kaunas in 1885–89. She was expelled from the school for inciting five other girls to disobey a new requirement to pray in an Eastern Orthodox Church, but after much difficulty managed to gain admission to Vilnius Girls' Gymnasium and graduate in 1890.^[1] For a year, she studied Polish history and French language at the secret Flying University in Warsaw.^[3] Upon her return, she worked at a bank in Ukmergė with her father until his death in 1898.^[1] This experience was particularly useful later in life when she organized finances of various organizations.^[2] In 1899, she married engineer and childhood friend Jonas Bortkevičius (1871–1909) – he was not of noble birth and her family disapproved the marriage.^[1] The newlyweds moved to Vilnius, where they became involved in public life. She studied the Lithuanian language and became passionate about its revival.^[3]

Before World War I

In Vilnius, Bortkevičienė joined an illegal intellectuals' society, later known as the Twelve Apostles of Vilnius.^[3] Through book smuggler Motiejus Baltūsis, Bortkevičienė gained access to the illegal Lithuanian newspapers Varpas, Ūkininkas, Naujienos. After Baltūsis's arrest in 1902, she became involved in book smuggling and in publication of these newspapers.^[1] She would send manuscripts to the editors and raise money for their expenses. Some of the illegal publications would be hidden in the Church of St. Nicholas.^[5] She became a member of central committee the Lithuanian Democratic Party (LDP), established in October 1902, and a member of the board of the Lithuanian Women's Association, established in September 1905.^[6] Her home became the gathering place for the intellectuals; sessions of LDP took place in her home.^[6]

She supported the Revolution of 1905 by providing money, materials, even weapons to agitators.^[3] She was a member of the organizational committee of and a delegate to the Great Seimas of Vilnius. The Peasant Union was established during the Seimas and Bortkevičienė became the manager of its central committee. The Union proposed and the Seimas approved a resolution calling for universal suffrage without regard to sex, religion, or nationality.^[4] According to memoirs of her contemporaries, she spoke little but was involved in nearly every aspect of organizing and running the Seimas.^[6] In 1906, the revolution was weakening and Bortkevičienė's work shifted to the Lithuanian press which became legal. She published Lietuvos ūkininkas and Lietuvos žinios.^[4]

In September 1907, Bortkevičienė participated in the first Women's Congress and later attempted to prevent the split within women's movement to Catholic and liberal branches.^[3] She was also involved in charitable work, including Žiburėlis society which supported gifted students (Bortkevičienė was its chair from 1903 to 1940)^[7] and Kankinių kasa which supported activists persecuted by Tsarist authorities (1904–14).^[6] For her anti-Tsarist activities, she was imprisoned four times.^[8] Her husband was imprisoned in Lukiškės Prison in 1906 for three months;^[5] the experience weakened his health and after a long treatment he died in January 1909.^[2] She used inheritance from him (about 5000 rubles) to fund the publication of Lietuvos ūkininkas and Lietuvos žinios.^[9] In 1915, she became the first female Freemason in Lithuania.^[6]

During the war

During World War I, Bortkevičienė evacuated to Russia and continued her active public work. She took up to organize relief for Prussian Lithuanians deported from Lithuania Minor. She visited their communities in towns along the Ural Mountains and Volga River.^[8] Her organization, Lietuvių globa, provided support to some 4,000 Lithuanians, maintained six elementary schools and four shelters for the elderly.^[1] In April 1917, Lithuanians decided to organize a Lithuanian conference in Saint Petersburg. Bortkevičienė was a member of its organizing committee and, during the conference in May 1917, a member of its Education Commission.^[4] During the conference, she opposed full independence of Lithuania and instead advocated for autonomy within the Russian Empire. Within few months she regretted the vote and considered it a mistake.^[6] In October 1917, she was a delegate of the Lithuanian conference in Stockholm.^[10] After the conference she lived in Copenhagen and worked with Red Cross organizing relief for Lithuanian POWs in Germany.^[10]

In spring 1918, she returned to Vilnius and resumed political activities. In December 1918, at the start of the Lithuanian–Soviet War, the Lithuanian government was in crisis and Bortkevičienė encouraged Mykolas Sleževičius to take charge and become the Prime Minister.^[10] Sleževičius considered her for the Minister of Provision and Public Work, but members of the government expressed reservations about a woman minister and she was not selected.^[3] In the beginning of 1919, Bortkevičienė and other prominent personalities, including Mečislovas Reinys, Juozas Vailokaitis, and Liudas Gira, were jailed as hostages by the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic headed by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas.^[10] Lithuanian SSR demanded release of communists held by the Lithuanian government. She spent six months in prisons in Vilnius, Daugavpils, and Smolensk.^[8]

After World War I

In July 1919, Bortkevičienė returned to Kaunas. In April 1920, as a candidate of the Peasant Union, she was elected to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania, but due to her busy schedule she refused the mandate.^[10] She became a member of the Constituent Assembly in January 1921 when she replaced deceased Juozas Lukoševičius.^[2] She helped to prepare the Statute of the University of Lithuania and Patient's Fund Law. The law was particularly important for women as it provided 6-week maternity leave and forbade termination of employment on grounds of pregnancy.^[3] During the Assembly sessions Bortkevičienė spoke rarely, but she voiced her opinions on two major issues: land reform and the institution of the president.^[2] She opposed returning land that was confiscated by the Tsarist regime from churches and monasteries.^[10] When discussing the constitution, she also opposed creating the institution of the president. Both of these measures passed by the votes of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party.^[2] In 1926, she ran in the parliamentary election as a candidate of the Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union. She was not elected to the Third Seimas of Lithuania, but she was nominated to the President of Lithuania. She received one vote.^[3]

In April 1920, together with the Lithuanian Popular Socialist Democratic Party (LPSDP), she established publishing company AB Varpas (bell) that she headed until 1930.^[3] Because LPSDP shared office space with the press, in effect, she was in charge of the finances and daily operations of LPSDP.^[1][10] In February 1922, she revived the publication of Lietuvos žinios and Lietuvos ūkininkas.^[3] The publications were outspoken about their ideals and did not shy from criticism of the government for which Bortkevičienė faced fines and arrests. In 1923 alone there were 17 lawsuits where Bortkevičienė was named as the responsible party.^[5] For publishing a caricature of Prime Minister Vytautas Petrulis and Minister of Defense Leonas Bistras in October 1925, she was fined 2,000 litas or imprisonment for 1.5 months. Not having enough funds, she was imprisoned until her friends raised enough money.^[5]

All her life Bortkevičienė campaigned for democratic liberties and was particularly upset by the December 1926 coup d'état that brought the authoritarian regime of Antanas Smetona. Her publications were critical of the regime either directly or indirectly (for example, via examination of negative effects of other authoritarian regimes).^[6] On 11 March 1927, the printing house was bombed by unknown persons, most likely members of the fascist Voldemarininkai movement; she lived in a small house near the printing house.^[2] The explosion was powerful enough to collapse two floors of the building and destroy printing presses. However, the newspaper was not discontinued – the same day Lietuvos žinios was printed by a different press.^[5] Bortkevičienė rebuilt the press by October 1928.^[1] The publication of Lietuvos žinios was temporarily suspended by the government censors four times; the last and the longest time was six months for making fun of a son of Benito Mussolini.^[5] Bortkevičienė campaigned for amnesty of Juozas Pajaujis who received a death sentence for organizing an anti-Smetona coup in 1927.^[2]

In 1922, she helped reestablish the Lithuanian Women's Union which she chaired until 1928.^[3] She was also a member of other women's organizations, including Lithuanian Women's Support Committee and Association of Lithuanian Women with Higher Education.^[3] She also participated in the establishment of the umbrella organization Lithuanian Women's Council in 1928, but became its opponent when the Council became financed and used as a political tool by the Smetona's regime.^[3]

When Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in 1940, the press was nationalized taking away Bortkevičienė's life work and means of living.^[2] In 1945, she was arrested and interrogated by NKVD several times. That negatively affected her health and she died in October 1945 in Kaunas. Her funeral was supervised by NKVD; her body was transported in a simple truck to Troškūnai and buried next to her sister.^[5]

References

1. Subačius, Liudas (2011). "Jai buvo lemta būti tarp "dvylikos Vilniaus apaštalų"" (in Lithuanian). 4. Tapati. ISSN 1822-0983.
2. Blažytė-Baužienė, Danutė (2015-02-16). "Nepriklausomybės punktyras Felicijos Bortkevičienės biografijoje". Nepriklausomybės sąsiuviniai (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos nacionalinis radijas ir televizija. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
3. Jurėnienė, Virginija (2006). "Bortkevičienė Felicija". In Haan, Francisca de; Daskalova, Krasimira; Loutfi, Anna. Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th Centuries. Central European University Press. pp. 70–73. ISBN 9789637326394.
4. Jurėnienė, Virginija (2003). "Lietuvos moterų judėjimo integralumas tautiniame judėjime". Klėja (in Lithuanian). 8. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
5. Lukšas, Aras (2013-09-06). "Nenuilstanti Tėvynės darbininkė" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos žinios. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
6. Subačius, Liudas (2006). "Felicija Bortkevičienė – politikė". Parlamento studijos (in Lithuanian). 7. ISSN 1648-9896.
7. Lapinskienė, Lionė (2012-04-02). ""Žiburėlio" draugija - tautai šviesti" (in Lithuanian). Respublika. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
8. "Bortkevičienė, Felicija". Lietuvių enciklopedija. 3. Boston: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla. 1954. p. 149.
9. Subačius, Liudas (2008). "Moters socialinio vaidmens kaitos atspindžiai Felicijos Bortkevičienės veikloje" (PDF). Žurnalistikos tyrimai (in Lithuanian). 1: 165. ISSN 2029-1132.
10. Stakeliūnaitė, Danutė (2006). "Bortkevičienė Felicija". In Ragauskas, Aivas; Tamošaitis, Mindaugas. Didysis Lietuvos parlamentarų biografinis žodynas (in Lithuanian). 2. Vilniaus pedagoginio universiteto leidykla. pp. 105–107. ISBN 978-9955-20-146-5.