Gangga Negara

Gangga Negara	2nd–11th century
Langkasuka	2nd–14th century
Chi Tu	2nd–6th century
Pan Pan	3rd–5th century
Kedah Tua	5th–9th century
Pahang Tua	5th–15th century
Melayu	6th century
Srivijaya	650–1377
Majapahit	1293–1500

Rise of Muslim states

Kedah Sultanate	1136–present
Brunei Sultanate	1368–present
Malacca Sultanate	1402–1511
Sulu Sultanate	1450–1899
Aceh Sultanate	1496–1903
Pattani Sultanate	1516–1902
Johor Sultanate	1528–present
House of Jamalullail	1843–present

Colonial era

Portuguese Malacca	1511–1641
Dutch–Portuguese War	1601–1661
Dutch Malacca	1641–1824
Siamese invasion of Kedah	1821–1826
Straits Settlements	1826–1946
Kingdom of Sarawak	1841–1946
Crown Colony of Labuan	1848–1946
British Malaya / Borneo	1874–1946
North Borneo	1882–1946
Federated Malay States	1895–1946
Unfederated Malay States	1909–1946

War and emergency

Japanese occupation of Malaya / of Borneo	1941–1945
Si Rat Malai	1943–1945
British Military Administration of Malaya / of Borneo	1945–1946
Crown Colony of Sarawak (Anti-cession movement)	1946–1963
Crown Colony of N. Borneo	1946–1963
Malayan Union	1946–1948
Federation of Malaya	1948–1963
Malayan Emergency	1948–1960

Independence

Independence of Malaya	1957
Self-government of Singapore	1959
Brunei revolt	1962
Sarawak Communist Insurgency	1962–1990
Philippine claim over North Borneo	1962–present
Philippine militant attacks in Borneo	1962–present
Self-government of Sarawak / of North Borneo	1963
Formation of Malaysia	1963
Singapore in Malaysia	1963–1965
Confrontation with Indonesia	1963–1966

After Independence

Brunei's claim over Limbang	1967–2009
ASEAN Declaration (ASEAN)	1967
Second communist insurgency	1968–1989
13 May Incident	1969
Ligitan and Sipadan dispute	1969–2002
Malaysian haze crisis	1972–present
Formation of Federal Territories	1974
Pedra Branca dispute	1979–2008
South China Sea islands dispute (Spratly Islands)	1980–present
Memali Incident	1985
Operation Lalang	1987
Constitutional crisis	1987–1988
Financial crisis	1997–1998

By topic

Malaysia portal

Gangga Negara is believed to be a lost semi-legendary Hindu kingdom mentioned in the Malay Annals that covered present day Beruas, Dinding and Manjung in the state of Perak, Malaysia with Raja Gangga Shah Johan as one of its kings. Researchers believe that the kingdom was centred at Beruas and it collapsed after an attack by King Rajendra Chola I of Coromandel, South India, between 1025 and 1026. Another Malay annals Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa known as Kedah Annals, Gangga Negara may have been founded by Merong Mahawangsa's son Raja Ganjil Sarjuna of Kedah, allegedly a descendant of Alexander the Great or by the Khmer royalties no later than the 2nd century.

Origin

A photo taken from the National History Museum of Kuala Lumpur. An 8th-9th century bronze standing 8-armed Buddhist Avalokitesvara statue found at Anglo Oriental, Bidor, Perak tin mine in year 1936. 79cm height.

Gangga Negara means "a city on the Ganges" in Sanskrit,^[1] the name derived from Ganganagar in northwest India where the Kambuja peoples inhabited. The Kambujas are an Indo-Iranian clan of the Indo-European family, originally localised in Pamirs and Badakshan. Commonly known as Hindu traders, they built their colonies in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago at the Mekong valley and also at the Malay archipelago in Funan, Chenla, Champa, Khmer, Angkor, Langkasuka, Sailendra, Srivijaya, etc. Historians found the Kambuja traders travelled from Gujarat to Sri Lanka and then to Ligor (Nakhon Sri Thammarat) of the northern Malay peninsular, overland to Thailand and Cambodia.

Beruas

6th century Buddha statues (left) found at Ipoh. 9th century Hindu priest teacher statue found at Jalong, Perak.

The first research into the Beruas kingdom was conducted by Colonel James Low in 1849 and a century later, by H.G. Quaritch Wales. According to the Museum and Antiquities Department, both researchers agreed that the Gangga Negara kingdom existed between 100 ce - 1000 ^[2] but could not ascertain the exact site. For years, villagers had unearthed artefacts believed to be from the ancient kingdoms, most of which are at present displayed at the Beruas Museum. Artefacts on display include a 128 kg cannon, swords, kris, coins, tin ingots, pottery from the Ming Dynasty and various eras, and large jars. They can be dated back to the 5th and 6th century.^[3] Through these artefacts, it has been postulated that Pengkalan (Ipoh), Kinta Valley, Tanjung Rambutan, Bidor and Sungai Siput were part of the kingdom. Artifacts also suggest that the kingdom's centre might have shifted several times. Gangga Negara was renamed to Beruas after the establishment of Islam there.

Beruas tree

The district of Beruas has found some royal Acehnese gravestones and this evidence has it linked to another historical source that a Samudera Pasai prince from Aceh of Sumatra rested at Beruas tree (Pokok Beruas), his name was Malik. History of Pasai did mentioned a Malik ul Salih who was the first local Hindu Malay king to convert to Islam in 1267. Today the beruas trees have become extinct but can still be found in the nearby villages of Pengkalan Baru and Batang Kubu .

References

External links

http://www.kambojsociety.com/KambojWord.asp
http://www.sabrizain.demon.co.uk/malaya/hindu.htm
http://muzium.perak.gov.my/m_br_bahan.html Beruas Museum
National Library of Malaysia. Sejarah Malaysia. URL accessed 14 April 2006.
Laman Rasmi Muzium-Muzium Negeri Perak. URL accessed 14 April 2006.

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