Gemütlichkeit

A typical German beergarden scene, permeated by Gemütlichkeit

Gemütlichkeit (German pronunciation: [ɡəˈmyːtlɪçkaɪt]) describes a space or state of warmth, friendliness,[1] and good cheer. Other qualities include coziness, peace of mind, belonging, well being, and social acceptance.

History and etymology

Gemütlichkeit derives from gemütlich, the adjective of Gemüt, which means "heart, mind, temper, feeling" expressed by (and cognate with) English mood. The German abstract noun Gemütlichkeit has been adopted into English.[2] The current meaning of the word derives from its use in the Biedermeier period. By the second half of the 19th century, it also became associated with a set of traits supposedly unique to the German culture. In the United States, the city of Jefferson, Wisconsin uses the phrase: "The Gemütlichkeit City" as its motto.[3]

The word can be used in descriptions of holidays.[4] In the 1973 English contract law case Jarvis v Swans Tours Ltd, a holidaymaker sued after not receiving the Gemütlichkeit promised by the promotional literature for a package holiday to the Swiss Alps.

The communal connotations of Gemütlichkeit are also emphasized in some uses of the term. For example, one academic described it as a tradition of "public festivity" (in the form of a "mixture of music, food, and drink"), which "promote[d] community solidarity."[5] The Harlem Renaissance was then cited as of how a sense of Gemütlichkeit arises from a "mix of music, art and politics in service of community consciousness".[5]

Gemütlichkeit has been appropriated at least once to describe the tenor of an economic era rather than spirit of a social gathering. In analysing the "inflation dampening effects of globalization" a Georgia Southern University professor wrote that certain U.S. economic trends could "spell an end of the Gemütlichkeit — a situation in which cheap labor and money abroad as well as ever-increasing productivity at home had permitted an uninterrupted spell of controlled growth in overall prices".[6]

Similar words in other languages

English has no direct translation for Gemütlich or Gemütlichkeit. Cosy captures an element of it but crucially lacks those of friendliness and belonging. Stemming from the Scottish Gaelic word còsagach, cozy means "1 Full of holes or crevices. 2 Snug, warm, cosy, sheltered. 3 Spongy", according to Edward Dwelly's Scots Gaelic - English dictionary.[7]

The English author Chesterton mentioned Gemütlichkeit in his 1906 book on Charles Dickens. In the first half of the seventh chapter on "English comfort" he wrote that "... the thing you cannot see out of Germany is a German beer-garden", a venue which is the very epitome of Gemütlichkeit in that nation. Later, seeking to define what he regarded as a peculiarly English quality captured in the chapter title English comfort, he continued, "The word comfort is not indeed the right word, it conveys too much of the slander of mere sense; the true word is cosiness, a word not translatable."[8] Indeed, it is no direct synonym for Gemütlichkeit.

The Swedish language equivalent is gemytlig, deriving directly from the German word and sharing its meaning.

The Danish also has gemytlig but uses hygge [ˈhyɡə] (hyggelig as an adjective) instead.[9] Likewise, in Norwegian the word translates into "hyggelig", but the meaning is closer to the word "koselig" which means cozy, comfortable, nice, or pleasant.[10] The Dutch equivalent "gezelligheid" has broader social connotations than the German Gemütlichkeit and can be more accurately compared to the Danish "hygge".

In Bulgarian, the word is commonly translated as уют [oˈjut] and [ʊˈjut] in Russian, which means cosiness, comfort, contentment, ease, and carries almost identical connotations as the German word.[11]

The Romance languages with Latin roots do not have a single term expressing the many connotations of Gemütlichkeit: In French on se sent vraiment bien ici, se mettre à son aise, agréable, sympathique are equivalents in terms of the social aspects.[12] In Italian, comodità, aria di casa, tranquillità, familiarità and cordialità in reference to people might be used.[13] In Spanish agradable (agreeable), acogedor (inviting), cómodo (comfortable), or bonachón in reference to a person would be used,[14] and almost identical equivalents in Portuguese [15]

In Turkish two words, rahat and huzur, are used for Gemütlichkeit [16] The words come from Arabic راحة rāḥa and حضور ḥūḍūr, respectively meaning "rest" and "presence (of mind)" .

In Thai the nearest equivalent is ความผาสุก (rtgs: khwamphasuk) meaning peace, well-being, freedom from annoyance.[17]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gem%C3%BCtlichkeit
  2. ↑ Soanes, C. and Stevenson, A. (ed.) (2007). Oxford dictionary of English. Oxford University Press.
  3. ↑ "Jefferson Chamber of Commerce | in Jefferson, WI". Jeffersonchamberwi.com. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  4. ↑ Benjamin Lytal (2004-12-01). "Recent Fiction". The New York Sun. Retrieved 2007-11-16. Ms. Bielski's novel [The Year is '42] is quite good, a quick read that seems in sync with holiday Gemutlichkeit and holiday sadness.
    * Gemütlichkeit PONS Online-Dictionary
  5. 1 2 John Fairfield (2006-10-05). "Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association". Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  6. ↑ Michael Reksulak (2007-06-09). "Rising costs of necessities signal an end of Gemütlichkeit". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  7. ↑ "Dwelly's great Scots Gaelic - English dictionary". Dwelly's great Scots Gaelic - English dictionary, online version. 1911. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  8. ↑ Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1906). "Charles Dickens". Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  9. ↑ "Enjoying Winter with the Danish Concept of "Hygge"". Iowa Public Radio. 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  10. ↑ "translation Norwegian-English". Wiktionary. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  11. ↑ "translation Russian-English". Wiktionary. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  12. ↑ "Translations for Gemütlich in the German - French dictionary". Pons GmbH, Stuttgart. 2001–2014. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  13. ↑ "Translations for gemütlich in the German - Italian dictionary". Pons GmbH, Stuttgart. 2001–2014. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  14. ↑ "Translations for Gemütlich in the German - Spanish dictionary". Pons GmbH Stuttgart. 2001–2014. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  15. ↑ "Translations for Gemütlich in the German - Portuguese dictionary". Pons GmbH Stuttgart. 2001–2014. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  16. ↑ "Translations for Gemütlich in the German - Turkish dictionary". Pons GmbH, Stuttgart. 2001–2014. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  17. ↑ "ความผาสุก". thai-language.com. Retrieved 28 August 2016.

External links

Look up Gemütlichkeit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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