Geolocation software

In computing, geolocation software is software that is capable of deducing the geolocation of a person or object and perhaps their actual location. Sometimes, the geolocation of an object is used to impute the location of its owner or user. For example, on the Internet, the identification of a device's IP address can be used to determine the country[1] and even the city and post/ZIP code,[2] organization, or user the IP address has been assigned to, and then to determine an object's actual location. Other methods include examination of a MAC address, image metadata, or credit card information.

Data sources

An IP address is assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.[3] The protocol specifies that each IP packet must have a header which contains, among other things, the IP address of the sender of the packet.

There are a number of free and paid subscription geolocation databases, ranging from country level to state or city—including ZIP/post code level—each with varying claims of accuracy (generally higher at the country level). These databases typically contain IP address data which may be used in firewalls, ad servers, routing, mail systems, web sites, and other automated systems where geolocation may be useful. An alternative to hosting and querying a database is to obtain the country code for a given IP address through a DNSBL-style lookup from a remote server.[4]

Some commercial databases have augmented geolocation software with demographic data to enable demographic-type targeting using IP address data.[5]

The primary source for IP address data is the regional Internet registries which allocate and distribute IP addresses amongst organizations located in their respective service regions:

Secondary sources include:

Accuracy is improved by:

A farmstead northeast of Potwin, Kansas became the default site of 600 million IP addresses (due to their lack of fine granularity) when the Massachusetts-based digital mapping company MaxMind changed the putative geographic center of the contiguous United States from 39.8333333,-98.585522 to 38.0000,-97.0000.[7]

Privacy

A distinction can be made between co-operative and oppositional geolocation. In some cases, it is in the interest of users to be accurately located, for example, so that they can be offered information relevant to their location. In other cases, users prefer to not disclose their location for privacy or other reasons.[8]

Technical measures for ensuring anonymity, such as proxy servers, can be used to circumvent restrictions imposed by geolocation software. Some sites detect the use of proxies and anonymizers, and may either block service or provide non-localized content in response.[9]

In the UK, the application of the Data Protection Act means that geolocation will only yield the physical address of the ISP. Any further tracking (e.g. for criminal tracing) has to be carried out by getting the ISP to check their logs.

Applications

Geolocation technology has been under development only since 1999, and the first patents were granted in 2004.[10] The technology is already widely used in multiple industries,[11] including e-retail, banking, media, telecommunications, education, travel,[12] hospitality, entertainment, health care, online gaming and law enforcement, for preventing online fraud, complying with regulations, managing digital rights[13] and serving targeted marketing content and pricing.[14] Additionally, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has proposed that geolocation software might be leveraged to support 9-1-1 location determination.[15]

Criminal investigations

American banks, software vendors and other online enterprises are now subject to strict new “Know your customer” laws imposed by the USA PATRIOT Act, the Bank Secrecy Act, the US Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control and other regulatory entities in the US and Europe. These laws are designed to prevent money laundering, trafficking with terrorist organizations and trading with banned nations. By identifying where online visitors really are, geolocation can protect banks from participating in the transfer of funds for illicit purposes. More and more prosecuting bodies are bringing cases involving cyber-crimes such as cyber-stalking and identity theft. It is imperative that prosecutors provide the background IP data necessary to link a suspect to a particular crime.[16]

Fraud detection

Online retailers and payment processors use geolocation to detect possible credit card fraud by comparing the user's location to the billing address on the account or the shipping address provided. A mismatch – an order placed from USA on an account number from Tokyo, for example – is a strong indicator of potential fraud. IP address geolocation can be also used in fraud detection to match billing address postal code or area code.[17] Banks can prevent “phishing” attacks, money laundering and other security breaches by determining the user's location as part of the authentication process.

Government, law enforcement and corporate security teams use geolocation as an investigatory tool, tracking the Internet routes of online attackers to find the perpetrators and prevent future attacks from the same location.

Geo marketing

Since geolocation software can get the information of user location, companies using geomarketing may provide web content or products that are famous or useful in that location. Advertisements and content on a website may be tailored to provide the information that a certain user wants.[18]

Regional licensing

Internet movie vendors, online broadcasters who serve live streaming video of sporting events, or certain TV and music video sites that are licensed to broadcast their videos of episodes/music videos are permitted to serve viewers only in their licensed territories. By geolocating viewers, they can be certain of obeying licensing regulations.[19] Online gambling websites must also know where their customers violate gambling laws, or risk doing so.

Jim Ramo, chief executive of movie distributor Movielink, said studios were aware of the shortcomings going in and have grown more confident now that the system has been shown to work.[20]

Target content

In geo targeting web sites can show different web content based on a user's geolocation or other information. For example, going to google.com may redirect the user to a local Google site such as Google Belgium, or it may show a 'Go to Google Belgium' link. In various European countries, Google or Yahoo! do not display results which would show negationist websites (see LICRA v. Yahoo!). In marketing applications, web sites with geolocation software can display different content based on a user's location, such as different advertising offers, merchandise selection, pricing and/or local currency and local news. Colleges and universities can use geolocation software to display relevant courses offered in specific locations. Chain store retailers, including restaurants, can display local offers, menus, and promotional offers unique to a certain geographical area. Financial institutions can show customers the nearest facilities based on their geographic location, as well as the lowest available home equity rates.

Hulu uses IP filtering that prevents anyone outside of U.S. IP ranges using its service. This is an example of geo-blocking. Some users within the U.S. are also being blocked because their IP has not been added to Hulu's Geo-IP database. Many users are able to navigate through geo-targeting by simply employing proxy or VPN service such as UnoTelly and Hotspot Shield.

Gaming

A location-based game is a type of pervasive game for smartphones or other mobile devices in which the gameplay evolves and progresses via a player's real-world location which is typically reported via GPS. Examples of such games include Ingress and Pokémon Go.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "IP Information". 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
  2. ↑ "NetAcuity Edge Offers Hyper-local IP targeting". 2009-07-28. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  3. ↑ RFC 760, DOD Standard Internet Protocol (January 1980)
  4. ↑ "IP geolocation (The NetOp Organization)". 2009-01-28. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  5. ↑ "Digital Element Partners with Semcasting on Location-Based Solution". 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
  6. ↑ An example is the guessed city provided by hostip.info.
  7. ↑ Hill, Kashmir (2016-04-10). "How an internet mapping glitch turned a random Kansas farm into a digital hell". Fusion. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
  8. ↑ "Nitke vs. Ashcroft - Expert report of Seth Finkelstein". 2003-11-10. Retrieved 2004-11-15.
  9. ↑ RealNetworks detects proxies and anonymizers; Google serves non-localized content if location is in doubt. "Geolocation: Don't Fence Web In". Wired. 2004-07-12.
  10. ↑ "Digital Envoy wins Geotargeting Patent". 2004-06-29. Archived from the original on June 17, 2011. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  11. ↑ ClientSideNews, Nov/Dec 2010 issue, Page 6 “You Can Really Do That? – The Power of Geolocation Technology”
  12. ↑ Marketing Magazine, February 10, 2011 “Thetrainline brings Digital Element on board for localised ad task”
  13. ↑ Music Streaming site we7 Cranks up the Volume for Digital Rights Management and Ad Targeting
  14. ↑ "Geolocation and Federalism on the Internet: Cutting Internet Gambling's Gordian Knot". 2009-10-04. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
  15. ↑ (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023438/http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/db0712/DOC-308377A1.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ↑ Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney, Wendy Segall Hides Evidence.
  17. ↑ IPInfoDB (2009-08-25). "E-Commerce fraud detection". IPInfoDB. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  18. ↑ Internet Retailer “Personalized web site content gives retailers an edge’, June 25, 2010
  19. ↑ "CinemaNow appeases studios by locating Web surfers". CNet. 2001-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-22.
  20. ↑ Associated Press (2004-07-12). "Geolocation: Don't Fence Web In". Wired News. Retrieved 2006-09-28.

External links

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