George E. Waring, Jr.

George E. Waring, Jr.

in 1883
Born (1833-07-04)July 4, 1833
Pound Ridge, New York, U.S.
Died October 29, 1898(1898-10-29) (aged 65)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Cause of death Yellow fever
Nationality American
Occupation Sanitary engineer, civic reformer
Years active 1865–1898
Known for Advocate of sewer systems that keep domestic sewage separate from storm runoff

George E. Waring, Jr. (July 4, 1833[1] – October 29, 1898) was an American sanitary engineer and civic reformer. He was an early American designer and advocate of sewer systems that keep domestic sewage separate from storm runoff.

Early life

Waring was born in Pound Ridge, New York, the son of George E. Waring, Sr., a wealthy stove manufacturer. Trained in agricultural chemistry, he began to lecture on agricultural science. In 1855, he took charge of Horace Greeley's farm at Chappaqua, New York.[2]

Career

Draining Central Park

View of Willowdell Arch with the team that created Central Park. Standing on the pathway over the span, from Right: Frederick Law Olmsted, Jacob Wrey Mould, Ignaz Anton Pilat, Calvert Vaux, George Waring, and Andrew Haswell Green. Photographed in 1862.

In 1893, Waring was appointed agricultural and drainage engineer for the construction of New York City's Central Park.[2] This effort was considered to be the largest drainage project of its time. Prior to this time, much of the area of the proposed park was a wetland. He designed and supervised construction of the drainage system that created the scenic lakes and ponds of the park.[3]

At the beginning of the American Civil War, Waring resigned to accept a military commission as major. He raised six companies of cavalry for the Union side in the State of Missouri. These units were eventually consolidated as the 4th Missouri Cavalry under Waring, who was promoted to the rank of Colonel in January 1862. He commanded this regiment throughout the war, principally in the Southwest.[2]

Ogden Farm

During the 18th century, Newport, Rhode Island's wealthy merchants developed country agricultural estates in the outlying towns. Following the Civil War, with a romanticizing of rural, country and farm life by Andrew Jackson Downing and others, estate farms for the Newport summer colony became widespread. Some of these were “model” farms based upon the latest agricultural practice, engineering and technology. Ogden Farm is such a “model” farm, named after Edward Ogden of New York City and Newport (1808–1872), whose summer house was on Narragansett Avenue. After Edward Ogden’s death, the property became known as the Ogden Farm. In 1867 Colonel Waring settled there to manage the farm. At Ogden Farm, he introduced Jersey cattle into the United States and founded the American Jersey Cattle Club. Waring is known to have laid clay drainage pipe there for field improvement, some of which is still extant. Waring devoted himself to agriculture, cattle breeding and drainage until 1877, when drainage and sanitary engineering became his major preoccupation.[2][4]

In 1876 William Smith patented a jet siphon water closet, an innovation that caught the attention of Waring, who developed the design for larger pieces of sanitary ware (toilets).[5] In 1881, William Paul Gerhard, another historically important sanitary engineer became Waring's chief assistant.[6]

Memphis sewer system

Memphis, Tennessee had suffered several severe epidemics of cholera (1849, 1866, 1873) and yellow fever (1867, 1873, 1878 and 1879), with over 5,000 fatalities in 1878 alone.[7][8] Sanitary conditions in the city were poor, with many domestic wells close by privies and drained by a fetid bayou. Many buildings had standing water underneath because of the poorly-draining clay soil. Civic leaders recognized the need for better drainage and a sewer system that would keep domestic waste away from the wells, although they were wrong in their belief that yellow fever was spread by inadequate sanitation practices. It was, in fact, spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which breeds in stagnant water. The financially strapped city and the state legislature were unable to raise sufficient funds for construction of a conventional combined sewer system, due to the mass exodus of residents for fear of yellow fever. The situation in Memphis aroused the sympathy of the nation and was largely responsible for the creation of the National Board of Health,[9] a predecessor to the United States Public Health Service. The Board sent Waring to Memphis, where he designed what he thought was a system Memphis could afford. Waring's design called for the separation of sewage waste from storm water runoff, an innovation that reduced the size of the pipes required to carry septic sewage. Until this time, this idea had not been used in the United States on a large scale.[10] Memphis constructed a separated sewer system according to Waring's plans, and its era of epidemics came to an end.[11]

New York City

In 1895,[12] Waring was brought to New York City, where sanitary conditions had become intolerable. Horses were leaving an estimated 2.5 million pounds of manure and 60,000 gallons of urine on the streets every day.[12] Horse carcasses rotted in the streets. Garbage piles reached a foot or two deep,[12][13] cleared only haphazardly by "ragtag army of the unemployed."[12]

Waring began by securing a law requiring horses and carts to be stabled overnight, instead of being left on the street.[12] He established a Street Cleaning Department, a white-uniformed corps of workers wearing pith helmets and pushing wheeled carts tasked with cleaning up city streets .[12] Waring's men cleared a shin-deep accumulation of waste across the city. Horse carcasses were removed from the streets and sold for glue; horse manure was sold for fertilizer.[12] Other refuse was sent to dumps along the waterfront.[12] Waring's crew even removed snow, packing it into trucks and dumping it into the rivers.[12]

The success of Waring's efforts was quick, dramatic and much appreciated by New York citizens. A parade was held for the sanitation works in 1896.[13]

Cuba

Based on his reputation as one of the most distinguished Americans in the field of sanitary engineering, at the close of the Spanish–American War in 1898 President William McKinley appointed Waring to make a study of the sanitary situation in Cuba. He had previously (1887) designed a sewer system for Santiago, Cuba.[2]

Death

While in Cuba, Waring contracted yellow fever and died shortly after returning to New York City on October 29, 1898.[14][15]

Legacy

An avenue in the North Bronx near Pelham Parkway was named in his honor, Waring Avenue. Memphis has a street named for Waring (Waring Road) running from Walnut Grove Road north to Macon Road at Wells Station Road, going through the Berclair neighborhood.

Waring's publications

References

  1. ↑ R.R. Bowker Company (1898). The publishers weekly, Volume 54. F. Leypoldt. p. 725.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Medico-Legal Society of New York. Obituary, George E. Waring, Jr. The Sanitarian - Hygiene, 1898, p. 559.
  3. ↑ Biebighauser, Thomas R. Wetland Drainage, Restoration, and Repair. University Press of Kentucky pp. 5-6.
  4. ↑ Murphy House at Ogden Farm. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form.
  5. ↑ The Men That Made the Water Closet Reprinted from: Plumbing & Mechanical Magazine, July 1994.
  6. ↑ Gerhard, William Paul. The laying-out of cities and towns. Reprinted from Journal of the Franklin Institute 140 (August 1895):90- 99.
  7. ↑ Wrenn, Lynette Boney Crisis and commission government in Memphis: elite rule in a Gilded Age city Univ. Tenn. Press (1998) pp. 21-23.
  8. ↑ Sigafoos, Robert Alan. Cotton Row to Beale Street: A business history of Memphis Memphis State Univ. Press (1979) p. 56.
  9. ↑ Smillie, W. G. The National Board of Health, 1879-1883, American Journal of Public Health and The Nation's Health, (1943) 33(8):925-930.
  10. ↑ Jon C. Schladweiler, Tracking Down the Roots of Our Sanitary Sewers: A chronology of sewer history throughout the world, Arizona Water & Pollution Control Association
  11. ↑ A detailed description of Watt's design for the Memphis sewer system and its installation can be found in F.S. Odell, The Sewerage of Memphis with Discussions. Frederick S. Odell, The Sewerage of Memphis with Discussions,, Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Volume IX (February 1881), pp. 23-52 and Plate IV. See pp. 24-26 for discussion of Colonel Waring's influence on the creation of a separate system in Memphis. See pp 45-52 for George Waring’s rebuttal to criticisms in the Odell article.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sante, Luc (1991). Low Life (2003 ed.). New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux. p. 48. ISBN 978-0374528997.
  13. 1 2 Horn, Heather. "The Secret Lives of Garbage Men". The Atlantic Cities. The Atlantic Media Company. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  14. ↑ Melosi, Martin V., Garbage in the cities: refuse, reform, and the environment. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005, p. 42.
  15. ↑ Trager, James (2010). The New York Chronology: The Ultimate Compendium of Events, People, and Anecdotes from the Dutch to the Present. HarperCollins. p. 259. ISBN 0-062-01860-4.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/20/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.