Gerris (software)

Gerris

Air flow around RV Tangaroa
Initial release	2001
Development status	Active
Written in	C
Operating system	Unix, Linux
Type	CFD
Licence	GPL
Website	gfs.sourceforge.net

Gerris is computer software in the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Gerris was released as free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2 or any later.

Scope

Banner of the Gerris website

Gerris solves the Navier–Stokes equations in 2 or 3 dimensions, allowing to model industrial fluids (aerodynamics, internal flows, etc.) or for instance, the mechanics of droplets, thanks to an accurate formulation of multiphase flows (including surface tension). Actually, the latter field of study is the reason why the software shares the same name as the insect genus.

Gerris also provides features relevant to geophysical flows:

1. ocean tide^[1]
2. tsunamis^[2][3]
3. river flow^[4]
4. eddies in the ocean^[5]
5. sea state (surface waves)^[6][7]

Flow types #1 to #3 were studied using the shallow-water solver included in Gerris, case #4 brings in the primitives equations and application #5 relies on the spectral equations for generation/propagation/dissipation of swell (and/or wind sea): for this purpose Gerris makes use of the source terms from WaveWatchIII.^[8]

Lastly, one can note that the (non-hydrostatic) Navier–Stokes solver was also used in the ocean to study:

• fluvial plumes^[9]
• internal waves^[10]
• hydrothermal convection^[11]

On the contrary Gerris does not allow (in its current status) the modeling of compressible fluids (supersonic flows).

Numerical scheme

Several methods can be used to provide a numerical solution to partial differential equations:

• finite differences
• finite volumes
• finite elements

Gerris belongs to the finite volumes family of CFD models.

Type of grid

Most models use meshes which are either structured (Cartesian or curvilinear grids) or unstructured (triangular, tetrahedral, etc.). Gerris is quite different on this respect: it implements a deal between structured and unstructured meshes by using a tree data structure,^{[lower-alpha 1]} allowing to refine locally (and dynamically) the (finite-volume) description of the pressure and velocity fields. Indeed the grid evolves in the course of a given simulation owing to criteria defined by the user (e.g. dynamic refinement of the grid in the vicinity of sharp gradients).

Turbulent closure

Gerris mainly aims at DNS; the range of Reynolds available to the user thus depends on the computing power he/she can afford (although the auto-adaptive mesh allows one to focus the computing resources on the coherent structures). According to the Gerris FAQ^[12] the implementation of turbulence models will focus on the LES family rather than RANS approaches.

Programming language, library dependencies, included tools

Gerris is developed in C using the libraries Glib (object orientation, dynamic loading of modules, etc.) and GTS.^[13] The latter brings in facilities to perform geometric computations such as triangulation of solid surfaces and their intersection with fluid cells. Moreover Gerris is fully compliant with MPI parallelisation (including dynamic load balancing).

Gerris does not need a meshing tool since the local (and time dependent) refinement of the grid is on charge of the solver itself. As far as solid surfaces are concerned, several input formats are recognized:

• analytic formulas in the parameter file
• GTS triangulated files; note that the Gerris distribution includes a tool to translate the STL format (exported by various CAD software) into GTS triangulated surfaces
• bathymetric/topographic database in KDT format; a tool is also provided to generate such a database from simple ASCII listings

Among the various ways to output Gerris results, let us just mention here:

• Graphical output in PPM format: images can then be converted in (nearly) any format using ImageMagick, and MPEG movies can be generated thanks to FFmpeg (among others).
• Simulation files (.gfs), which are actually parameters files concatenated with fields issued from the simulation; these files can then be (i) re-used as parameter files (defining new initial conditions), or (ii) processed with Gfsview.
• Gfsview, a display software shipped with Gerris, able to cope with the tree structure of the Gerris grid (a data structure which is not efficiently operated by general visualization software^{[lower-alpha 2]}).

Licence

CFD software, as any software, can be developed in various "realms":

• Business;
• Academic;
• Open Source.

As far as CFD is concerned, a thorough discussion of these software development paths can be found in the statement by Zaleski.^[14]

It is noteworthy that Gerris was distributed as free and open-source software right from the onset of the project.^[15][16]

See also

Other computing software are freely available in the field of fluid mechanics. Here are some of them (if the development was not initialized under a free license, the year when it moved to Open Source is mentioned in parenthesis):

Industrial fluids

• Advanced Simulation Library (2015)
• Code Saturne (2007)
• OpenFOAM (2004)
• SU2 code (2012)

Geophysical fluids

• POM (1999)
• ROMS^[17]
• GOTM^[18]
• Telemac (2010, 2011 for Mascaret^[19])
• Delft3D^[20] (2011)

Notes

1. quadtree en 2D, octree en 3D
2. However, Gerris also provides a module exporting its results in Esri Grid format.

References

1. Msadek, R. (2005). "Hydrodynamic tidal model of Cook Strait". Technical report, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research.
2. Popinet, S. (2012). "Adaptive modelling of long-distance wave propagation and fine-scale flooding during the Tohoku tsunami". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 12: 1213–1227. doi:10.5194/nhess-12-1213-2012.
3. Popinet, S. (2011). "Quadtree-adaptive tsunami modelling". Ocean Dynamics. 61: 1261–1285. doi:10.1007/s10236-011-0438-z.
4. Hyunuk, A.; Soonyoung, Y. (2012). "Well-balanced shallow water flow simulation on quadtree cut cell grids". Advances in Water Resources. 39: 60–70. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.01.003.
5. Popinet, S.; Rickard, G. (2007). "A tree-based solver for adaptive ocean modelling". Ocean Modelling. 16: 224–249. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.10.002.
6. Tsai, C.-C.; Hou, T.-H.; Popinet, S. (2013). "Wind wave prediction of tropical cyclones by a quadtree-adaptive model". Coastal Engineering. 77: 108–119. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.02.011.
7. Popinet, S.; Gorman, R.M.; Rickard, G.J.; Tolman, H.L. (2010). "A quadtree-adaptive spectral wave model". Ocean Modelling. 34: 36–49. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.003.
8. WaveWatchIII
9. O'Callaghan, J.; Rickard, G.; Popinet, S.; Stevens, C. (2010). "Response of buoyant plumes to transient discharges investigated using an adaptive solver". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115: C11025. doi:10.1029/2009jc005645.
10. Rickard, G.; O'Callaghan, J.; Popinet, S. (2009). "Numerical simulations of internal solitary waves interacting with uniform slopes using an adaptive model". Ocean Modelling. 30: 16–28. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.05.008.
11. Tao, Y.; Rosswog, S.; Brüggen, M. (2013). "A simulation modeling approach to hydrothermal plumes and its comparison to analytical models". Ocean Modelling. 61: 68–80. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.10.001.
12. Gerris (Frequently Asked Questions)
13. GTS
14. Stéphane Zaleski (2001). "Science and Fluid Dynamics should have more open sources". Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
15. Popinet, S. (2003). "Gerris: a tree-based adaptive solver for the incompressible Euler equations in complex geometries". Journal of Computational Physics. 190: 572–600. doi:10.1016/s0021-9991(03)00298-5.
16. Popinet, S. (2004). "Free Computational Fluid Dynamics". Cluster World. 2: 2–8.
17. ROMS
18. GOTM
19. Telemac-Mascaret
20. Delft3D