Gold–silver–bronze command structure
| Gold | Strategic |
| Silver | Tactical |
| Bronze | Operational |
A gold–silver–bronze command structure is used by emergency services of the United Kingdom to establish a hierarchical framework for the command and control of major incidents and disasters. The so-called "platinum control" is government level (COBR).[1]
Some practitioners use the term strategic–tactical–operational command structure instead, but the different categories are equivalent.[2]
Whilst this system does not explicitly signify hierarchy of rank, with the roles not being rank-specific, invariably the chain of command will be the same as the order of rank. Whilst the gold–silver–bronze command structure was designed for emergencies, it has been utilised for all manner of planned operations, such as football matches, or firearms operations, such as Operation Kratos.
History
The structure was created by the UK Metropolitan Police Service in 1985 directly after a serious riot in North London on the evening of 6 October where Police Constable Keith Blakelock was murdered.
Scotland Yard soon realised that their usual rank-based command system was inappropriate for sudden events. For example, it was never clear who was actually in operational charge of the police that night. A small team, including Inspector Peter Power quickly decided that three essential roles were more important than numerous ranks in these situations and set about creating and promulgating a new structure that was soon rolled out across all UK Police Forces and became the ubiquitous command standard it is today.
The title 'Gold Silver Bronze' command structure was invented by David Stevens, who was then a Chief Superintendent in the Public Order Branch at Scotland Yard. Power was the member of a small team of specialists (with Stevens) at Scotland Yard, who detailed the system and became its chief architect/promulgator.
The concept of Operational, tactical and strategic command levels has been in existence for many years, only the titles have changed. The concept and explanations of it have been reinforced since the introduction of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004. The so-called "platinum" title is not widely acknowledged. It was debated during the early years of the CCA but discounted. The level above Gold used to include regional government offices as a conduit to Westminster until they were disbanded as part of the Coalition reviews.
Ministerial involvement will usually be fed in and responded to via one of the blue-light agencies, inevitably due to their role as defined by the CCA, the police gold commander
Gold
The gold commander is in overall control of his or her organisation's resources at the incident. This person will not be on site, but at a distant control room, gold command, where he or she will formulate the strategy for dealing with the incident. If the gold commanders for various organisations at an incident are not co-located, they will be in constant touch with each other by videoconference or telephone.
The CCA requires police to host and chair the multi agency gold command. This responsibility will usually fall to the local chief constable or their nominated deputy.
Silver
The Silver Commander is the tactical commander who manages tactical implementation following the strategic direction given by Gold and makes it into sets of actions that are completed by Bronze. Depending on the organisation, they may or may not be at scene: Fire tend to be, police tend not to be; however this is a dynamic decision. Other organisations make their own decisions although many are encouraged to attend or send a representative to the police-led multi-agency silver command as detailed in the CCA.
This could be located in a command vehicle at or near the scene or a remote building such as the police HQ. There is a common misconception that all blue light services share one big control room and emergency control centre. This is generally not the case.
This role is often not strictly rank-related but does often fall to senior officers as opposed to constables or sergeants.
Bronze
A bronze commander directly controls an organisation's resources at the incident and will be found with their staff working at the scene. A commander or representative from each involved responder will be present and take direction from their organisation, with the overall effort generally coordinated by the police.
A common misconception is that the fire service are in charge at a fire incident. This is not the case since the amendments to the Fire Act and introduction of generic incident management procedures in the Civil Contingencies Act 2004. They do control all actions within the inner cordon. The forward command post or vehicle will be located outside of the hot zone and is where the bronze commanders will assemble, co-ordinated by the police.
If an incident is widespread geographically, different bronze commanders may assume responsibility for different locations. If the incident is of a complex nature, as is often the case, different bronze commanders are given their own tasks or responsibilities at an incident, for example taking statements, cordon management, or survivor management.
Police primacy
A common misconception is that the police are in charge. They are directed by the Civil Contingencies Act to co-ordinate the response to an incident. They are directed to undertake multi-agency working; i.e. to include and work with all responders and participants (particularly designated category 1 & 2 responders as listed in the Civil Contingencies Act). Each participating organisation has its own command structure but will generally send representatives, commanders or liaison officers to each level of the multi-agency structure.
Command structure in practice
The 2005 Buncefield fire can be used as one of many examples to show how the command structure functions. After the explosions on Sunday, 11 December 2005, the strategic operation to bring the incident under control was commenced at Hertfordshire Constabulary's headquarters in Welwyn Garden City, some distance from the incident.
- Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service's Chief Fire Officer Roy Wilsher was based at Gold Command "within one hour of the incident".[3]
- The location of Silver Command was initially located close to the incident, then moved to Watford.
- Bronze was situated on the fire ground and was a Hertfordshire fire service control unit. Each of the services had its own senior officers who assumed the roles of gold, silver, and bronze.
During the first three days of the fire, the gold command committee met at 11:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.; each session was usually followed by a media briefing. The command meetings were attended by the commanders of the main emergency services, local authority, health and safety officials, and civilian press officers from the emergency services.
The effectivness of elements of interoperability and communications with this structure have been called into question by the Pollock Report of 2013.
See also
References
- ↑ (PDF) http://www.coastms.co.uk/documents/EPF08/Paul%20Hayden%20-%20Adequacy%20of%20command%20structures%20-%20did%20they%20work.pdf. Retrieved April 5, 2010. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ London Emergency Services Liaison Panel: Major Incident Procedure Manual 8th ed (accessed 5 Dec 2014)
- ↑ Herts Direct: In Focus – special edition – Buncefield (accessed 12 Dec 06),
External links
- Wiltshire Police: Major incident planning: Command structure
- London Emergency Services Liaison Panel: LESLP
- Suffolk County Council: Control of major accident hazards
- Government Office for the South East: Preparing for Emergencies – Response
- Government Office for the South East: Response: the National Picture
- Emergency Management Portal: Online resources for UK emergency managers