Duke Hu of Chen
| Duke Hu of Chen 陳胡公 | |
|---|---|
| 1st ruler of Chen | |
| Reign | 1046/45 BC – ? |
| Successor | Duke Shēn of Chen |
| Spouse | Da Ji (daughter of King Wu of Zhou) |
| Issue |
Duke Shēn of Chen Duke Xiang of Chen |
| Father | Efu |
Duke Hu of Chen (Chinese: 陳胡公; pinyin: Chén Hú Gōng; fl. 11th century BC), also known as Hu Gong Man and Gui Man, was the founding monarch of the ancient Chinese state of Chen, established in modern eastern Henan Province soon after his father-in-law King Wu of Zhou founded the Zhou dynasty in 1046/45 BC. Duke Hu is considered to be the founding ancestor of the surname Chen, one of the most common Chinese surnames. The rulers of the Hồ (Hu) dynasty of Vietnam claimed to be his descendants.
Biography
Duke Hu's given name was Man (滿) and his xing surname was Gui (媯), and Hu was his posthumous name. He is also commonly known as Hu Gong Man (胡公滿, Man, Duke Hu) and Gui Man. He was said to be a descendant of the legendary sage king Emperor Shun. His father Efu (閼父) served as taozheng (陶正), the official in charge of the manufacture of pottery, for the Zhou state. King Wu of Zhou thought highly of Efu, and gave his eldest daughter, Da Ji (大姬), to Efu's son Man in marriage.[1][2] After King Wu conquered the Shang dynasty to establish the Zhou dynasty in 1046/45 BC, he enfeoffed the descendants of three ancient sage kings in the newly conquered land, known as the San Ke (三恪, "Three Reverent States"), and Man was enfeoffed at the state of Chen, with its capital at Wanqiu, in modern Huaiyang County, Henan Province.[1]
After Duke Hu died, he was succeeded by his son Xihou (犀侯), posthumously known as Duke Shēn of Chen. After the death of Duke Shēn, a younger son of Duke Hu, Gaoyang (皋羊), ascended the throne, to be known as Duke Xiang of Chen.[3]
Legacy
Duke Hu is honoured as the founding ancestor of the Chen surname, which originated in the state of Chen. Chen is the fifth most common surname in China today, shared by 54 million people within the country and by 80 million people worldwide.[4] Some of his descendants adopted his posthumous name Hu as their surname, and Duke Hu is also considered one of the main ancestors of Hu, the 15th most common surname in China.[5] Dozens of other surnames, including Tian, Yuan, and Che, originated as branches of the Chen surname.[6]
In 1400 AD, Hồ Quý Ly overthrew the Trần dynasty of Vietnam and established the Hồ dynasty (Hồ is the Vietnamese pronunciation for "Hu"). He claimed to be a descendant of Duke Hu and Emperor Shun, and changed the name of Vietnam from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu, or Great Ngu (Ngu is the Vietnamese pronunciation for Yu 虞, the legendary state of Emperor Shun).[7]
Tomb
Duke Hu's tomb was said to be made of iron and buried under water near the Dragon Lake in Huaiyang County. Archaeologists have found Western Zhou era pottery shards and Warring States-era roof tiles in the area. In 1995, Singaporean businessman Chen Yonghe (陳永和) donated funds to build a new mausoleum and temple complex for Duke Hu in Huaiyang, and it has become a popular pilgrimage site for people of Chen, Hu, and other surnames that originated in the state of Chen.[4][6]
References
Citations
- 1 2 Yang 2003, p. 121.
- ↑ Han 2010, pp. 2776–7.
- ↑ Han 2010, pp. 2778–9.
- 1 2 陳姓源于淮陽 陳胡公是得姓始祖及舜帝的後裔 [Chen surname originated in Huaiyang, Duke Hu of Chen is the founding ancestor and a descendant of Emperor Shun] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 22 March 2014.
- ↑ 胡姓起源 [Origin of the Hu surname]. Great China Genealogy (in Chinese). Retrieved 28 May 2015.
- 1 2 陈氏遍天下, 淮阳是老家-陈胡公陵园 [Mausoleum of Duke Hu of Chen] (in Chinese). Henan Provincial Government. 3 May 2012.
- ↑ Ngô 1479, p. 296.
Sources
- Han, Zhaoqi, ed. (2010). "Houses of Chen and Qi". Shiji 史记 (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3.
- Ngô, Sĩ Liên (1479). Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư [Complete Annals of Dai Viet] (PDF) (in Vietnamese).
- Yang, Kuan (2003). Xi Zhou Shi 西周史 [History of the Western Zhou] (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-208-04538-5.