Harbor Clearance Unit One

The mission definition upon unit commissioning in February 1966 was "....to provide salvage repair; diving and rescue services in rivers and restricted waters and to conduct harbor and river clearance operations in the Western Pacific." Some contended that the intended mission was to provide rapidly deployable diving and salvage teams in direct support of the Vietnam conflict. Whatever the actual intent was, the concept was proven so effective that the command was moved to continuous salvage service at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, near the end of the Vietnam conflict.

"....to provide salvage repair;" - simply put --- the refloating of practically every conceivable type of sailing craft: sampans, small boats, barges, dredges, riverine men o'war, tugs, freighters, ad infinitum, and making temporary repairs to those craft in preparation for transit to a permanent repair facility.

".... diving and rescue services...." - experienced HCU-1 divers provided the nucleus for all diving operations. Without divers, most salvage would have been impossible. They provided diving assistance to ships and shore activities and aided in the rescue and recovery of distressed persons, riverine craft, ships and aircraft anywhere their talents were needed.

"....in rivers and restricted waters...." - this meant operating in muddy jungle rivers infested with repugnant life, in crisp, clear mountain streams, in polluted shipping channels and harbors, in beautiful tropical lagoons and on the high seas.

"... and to conduct harbor and river clearance operations in the Western Pacific." - navigable shipping lanes, rivers and harbors are of vital importance to military operations, and to the free flow of civilian food stuffs and commercial goods. HCU-l was actively engaged in the clearing of channels, rivers, and harbors in the Asian countries since its commissioning. Salvage teams and salvage craft made regularly scheduled rotational deployments "in-country": 80% of Western Pacific jobs existed in/near Vietnam.

The mission was vast in scope. "Salvage" to the men of HCU-l encompassed the entire spectrum of tasks one could squeeze into its meager definition. From Korea to Guam, to Japan and the Philippines, HCU-1 detachments aided military forces of the US, South Vietnam, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. They covered every corner of Vietnam: from the harbors of Saigon to the rivers of the lower Mekong Delta; from the coastline to the upper highlands near the Cambodian and Laotian borders, from the DMZ to "Sea Float" in the southernmost tip of the country. They rescued from the murky waters of the Mekong and its tributaries practically every type of vessel utilized in Vietnam. Salvage also meant the recovery of, the repair of, and/or the demolition of aircraft and bridges; trucks, tanks, and tractors; forklifts and ferry landings; sampans and steamers.

Territory

Western Pacific

State of Readiness: Completely mobile, continuously ready to augment Seventh Fleet forces anywhere in the Western Pacific.

Administrative and Operational Control: Harbor Clearance Unit One was under the operational and administrative control of COMMANDER Service Group THREE; Vietnam detachments were under the operational control of Commander, U. S. Naval forces, Vietnam.

History

"Harbor Clearance Unit One, or HCU-One, was established at Subic Bay on 1 February 1966 with a hand-picked cadre of five officers and sixty-five enlisted men."[1]

The original harbor clearance units were formed during World War II and were active clearing the obstructed harbors of Bizerte, Tunisia; Naples, Italy; Cherbourg, France; and Manila and Subic Bay, Philippines. As a direct descendant of those first harbor clearance units, HCU-l was commissioned at the unit's Subic Bay, Republic of the Philippines, home port.

Twenty four days after unit commissioning, salvage of the merchant vessel Sea Raven near Chu Lai, South Vietnam, was underway. It was a successful operation. Six months and numerous smaller operations later, Victory Ship SS Baton Rouge Victory was salvaged on the Long Tau River, South Vietnam. "The Baton Rouge Victory was the first American vessel sunk in the Saigon ship channel.[2]" A large-scale operation ensued: the tender, the Subic staff, an all support personnel were called to the job site. The entire command, except for one Light Lift Craft, participated. Baton Rouge victory and its $500,000+ cargo was salvaged. The world's largest salvage patch to date, costing over $50,000, was designed/applied by the HCU-l personnel. The patch was manufactured by the Ship Repair Facility, Subic Bay Naval Shipyard, Philippines.

The second major salvage operation in January/February 1967, was "one of the world's largest dredges . . . the 170-foot dredge Jamaica Bay",[3] in Dong Tam, South Vietnam. This job was the first of three dredge jobs, all similar in size and configuration, all sunk in Dong Tam and all less than a kilometer apart.

Most salvage jobs consisted of segmented operations requiring the independent operation of teams and craft deployed in-country. Major jobs were less frequent and required the mobilization of many craft, personnel, and materials. Large or small, salvage and clearance operations were the unit business: vital to the Vietnam effort.

Since its inception, HCU-1 conducted these salvage and clearance operations:

HCU-1 trained numerous Vietnamese divers and turned over many US Navy salvage assets to Vietnam during the Vietnamization Program. The unit was relocated to Bishop Point moorage at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (on Hickam Air Force Base) on 1 JUL 71. YRST-1 later followed the Headquarters Unit; it was towed by USS CHOWANOC (ATF-100) from Subic Bay on 7 JUL 71, bound for Pearl Harbor. YRST-1 moored at Alpha Docks on 30 JUL 71 and was then moved to Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard for modification on 6 OCT 71. Modifications included the installation of a Taylor Diving System to support the Navy/Makai Range CY 71 Dive Project.

Harbor Clearance Unit One (HCU-1) was renamed Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit One (MDSU-1)[4] in January, 1982. Manpower level was greatly reduced and the command was transferred as a unit under the control of Service Squadron Five at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The unit also gained six reserve detachments consisting of over 250 personnel. MDSU-1 dive teams were back in-country twenty-plus years later, farther north than any wartime operations and for a decidedly different purpose. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam allowed the US Government to research and recover remains of US service members killed in action at coastal aircraft wreck sites. In October 1995, a scuba survey team deployed to Vietnam to gather evidence. Their efforts resulted in the positive identification of one site and the elimination of several others. MDSU-1 conducted recovery operations at several sites off Nang An province in March and April, 1996.

The professionalism displayed by the Harbor Clearance Unit One Salvors during the Vietnam era resulted in command awards of the Presidential Unit Citation, Navy Unit Commendation and the Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation.

Manpower

"Beginning as a small cadre of personnel, HCU 1 quickly grew in size to over 260 personnel, as combat operations in littoral environment intensified. At its peak, the unit consisted of five Harbor Clearance teams of 20 to 22 personnel each and a varied armada of specialized vessels within the Vietnam combat zone." [5]

Each salvage team was designed to supply experienced and qualified marine salvors anywhere they were needed: divers and non-diving technicians, artisans, and support personnel. Approximately 18 in number, teams were led by an Officer in Charge and an assistant, both diving Officers. Teams often worked in groups of three to five men on small jobs. They carried what gear they could to the job, utilizing a wide variety of transportation facilities: helicopters, cargo aircraft, small boats, ships, trucks, jeeps, and on foot. Upon arrival, they made a detailed survey to develop the salvage plan: methods to be used plus required materials and equipment. Work commenced with a minimum of three divers and whatever indigenous labor and/or materiel was available. Whenever major salvage operations were required, the teams supplied all manpower.

Teams were very mobile and task-oriented. Part of a team might work deep within the Delta clearing the jungle rivers of obstructions with explosives, while others might work aboard a YLLC to reclaim a sunken PBR. Faced with responsibilities only specialized, independent duty could provide, each team member was relied upon for his contribution. Within each salvage team, it was not a matter of Navy rate, it was a matter of personal skill.

The teams had a unified spirit, an esprit de corps, a bond among men --- that brought fulfilling satisfaction to the work. The teams gained extensive experience in marine salvage, deck seamanship, heavy rigging, operation and maintenance of salvage gear and equipment, and riverine warfare. All ratings were required --- from Seaman Apprentice to Chief Petty Officer, for qualified divers[6] and non-divers.

Hardware

Repair Salvage Tender (YRST) - The main unit support and headquarters barge: a towed Repair Salvage Tender --- which housed the Officer in Charge, Assistant Officer in Charge and crew of 34, including divers. Equipped with repair shops and a working platform for the fabrication of salvage patches, it also provided electrical power to wrecks. It contained the Headquarters Group, including a Naval Engineering Duty Officer (Naval Architect and Salvage Engineer), diving Medical Officer, Supply Officer, and Admin Officer, plus appropriate personnel. According to the Naval Vessel Register (NVR), the former YRST-1 (redesignated "YR 94 FLOATING WORKSHOP") still remains in service: http://www.navsource.org/archives/14/3394.htm

Heavy Lift Craft (YHLC/AHLC)[7] - Commissioned in 1943 by Nazi Germany and contracted 14 years later by the United Nations to clear the Suez Canal of sunken vessels, ENERGIE and AUSDAUER added 4,800 tons of combined lift strength to HCU-1. YHLC-l CRILLEY (formerly ENERGIE) and YHLC-2 CRANDALL (formerly AUSDAUER) were the two largest salvage craft in the world at that time. Manned by an Officer in Charge and twenty-five men, they provided command headquarters, berthing and messing facilities for embarked personnel. The first use of the YHLCs on salvage operations was near Dong Tam, RVN, on the sunken dredger SANDPUMPER, which sank after it dredged aboard a piece of unexploded ordnance that later exploded.

Medium Lift Craft (YMLC) - Four YMLC's with tidal/ballast lift capability of 750 tons each, on lease from Great Britain, were indispensable in effecting major salvage tasks. Manned by Harbor Clearance Teams, they provided headquarters and berthing facilities for the deployed teams and craft at Vung Tau harbor.

Light Lift CraftI (YLLC) - Capable of lifting 25 tons with an A-frame derrick mounted forward and capable of a 100-ton ballast bow lift: an exceptional salvage platform with air compressors for diving operations and salvage tools. A Clyde salvage winch and a capstan, each with 7.5-ton pulling capacity, provided the muscle needed for the A-frame, the three complete sets of beach gear carried on board (60-ton pull on each leg), and the flexible power needed on independent operations. Two jetting pumps provided dewatering, underwater digging, and auxiliary fire fighting capabilities. Cutting/welding and messing/berthing facilities were also aboard. Two AC generators also provided electrical power to the salvage site and shore power to distressed ships/bases as required. Manned by an Officer in Charge and 16 enlisted men, they often operated independently and were a vital asset to a major salvage job.

Combat Salvage Boats (CSB) - Four converted Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM 6) were designed/equipped for riverine salvage work in support of the Mobile Riverine Force. A much smaller version of the YLLC, each CSB was manned by a handpicked, all enlisted crew of six to eight men, four of whom were divers. Able to perform salvage operations in lesser rivers and channels than the YLLC, the CSB was capable of entirely independent salvage operations --- a mainstay of salvage support for Mobile Riverine Groups.

Diving Boats (YDB) - Two Yard Diving Boats, 64-foot highly-maneuverable craft, were a vital part of every salvage operation. Mainly used as a diving platform, they were able to go where others could not. Manned by a crew of from four to six enlisted men (not necessarily divers) YDBs rotated between Subic Bay and Vietnam.

Advanced Diving System IV (ADS IV) - Used for both deep water search and salvage to 600 feet, it could be airlifted anywhere in the world and was maintained in Subic Bay by Harbor Clearance Team TWO.

References

  1. ↑ Bartholomew, Charles (1990). Mud, Muscle, And Miracles: Marine Salvage in the United States Navy. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-945274-60-5. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  2. ↑ Stephen Schwartz (October 20, 1997). "Remembering Vietnam's Forgotten Seamen". San Francisco Chronicle.
  3. ↑ "Red Mines Sink U.S. Dredge in Vietnam". Reading Eagle. UPI. Retrieved 17 September 2014. one of the world's largest dredges . . . the 170-foot dredge Jamaica Bay
  4. ↑ "MDSU-1 Celebrates 46th Birthday". Ho'okele Navigator. Pearl Harbor - Hickam News. February 18, 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  5. ↑ US Navy Diving Manual Rev. 6 with Change A entered (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. 15 October 2011. pp. 1–6.2. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  6. ↑ "Diver Training" (PDF). All Hands. Bureau of Naval Personnel (652): 22–23. May 1971. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  7. ↑ "You Don't See Many Like the AHLC Twins" (PDF). All Hands. Bureau of Naval Personnel (609): 16–17. October 1967. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
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