Hazel Rose Markus

Hazel Rose Markus is a prominent social psychologist and a pioneer in the field of cultural psychology. She is currently the Davis-Brack Professor in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University in Stanford, California, where she also co-directs the Mind, Culture, and Society Lab. and Stanford SPARQ: Social Psychological Answers to Real-world Questions. Her research interests include culture, ethnicity, self, identity formation, emotion, gender, and motivation. A former president of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, she is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a recipient of the prestigious Donald T. Campbell Award and Society of Experimental Social Psychology Distinguished Scientist Award, and the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. Dr. Markus is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the Association for Psychological Science. She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2016.[1]

Biography

Markus was born Hazel June Linda Rose in London, England in 1949 to a British-Catholic mother and a Jewish-American father. When Markus was four years old, the Rose family immigrated to San Diego, California, where she grew up to be an accomplished longboard surfer.

Markus received her bachelor's degree in psychology from San Diego State University, where she initially wanted to pursue a career in journalism.[2] After a demonstration in Psychology 101, however, she changed her major to psychology. She earned her doctorate in social psychology from the University of Michigan, where she later became one of the university’s faculty members. During her time at the University of Michigan, she was also a research scientist at the Institute for Social Research.

With her husband, the late social psychologist Robert Zajonc, Markus moved to the Stanford department of psychology in 1994. As a psychology professor and co-founder of the Stanford Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity, Markus continues her research on how cultures and selves make each other up.

Research contributions

Markus' most significant contributions to social psychology are her conceptualizations of the self-schema (Markus, 1977),[3] of the mutual constitution of self and culture, and of the distinction between the independent and interdependent self (Markus & Kitayama, 1991).[4] The self-schema is a cognitive representation that organizes knowledge about the self and guides processing of self-relevant information. In Study 1 of Markus (1977), participants completed a reaction time task, where they were presented with personality traits and asked to hit a button labeled "Me" if the trait was self-descriptive and another button labeled "Not Me" if the trait was not self-descriptive. When participants classified a trait that they had previously said described themselves, they were faster to categorize the trait with the "Me" button than participants who had previously said the trait was only moderately descriptive. The faster response time of people who felt the trait was self-descriptive reflects an association of that trait with their self-schema. Self-schemas and the self-concept remain among the most researched concepts in social psychology today.

Markus is also a pioneering figure in cultural psychology, a field which explores how cultural contexts both shape and reflect individuals' emotions, cognitions, motivations, and other psychological processes (Kim & Markus, 1999) in a process that Markus and her coauthors call mutual constitution or the culture cycle. Her recent research includes biracial identity,[5][6] where she found that for ethnicity reports on forms such as the SAT or the census, if a biracial person is not allowed to choose to identify with more than one race, their self-esteem lowers. This was apparent in a survey that they were to take following the ethnicity report during the research. Also, biracial individuals from higher socioeconomic levels are more likely to admit to their biracial status. Asian/White are most likely to mark their ethnicity as biracial, followed by Black/White, and then Latino/White. Markus has also completed research on differences between East-Asian and European-American cultural norms,[7][8] as well as biological differences that occur from different cultural perspectives and practices.[9][10] Markus found that older Japanese adults reported an increase in personal growth as they aged, whereas older Americans reported a decrease. Interpersonal well-being is also rated higher in older Japanese adults. However, both Japanese and American adults reported a lack of purpose in life as they age. Markus remains very active in the research and publishing field.

Selected publications

Recent books

Journal articles

References

  1. "National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected". Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  2. (2010). Award for distinguished scientific contributions: Hazel rose markus. American Psychologist, 63(8), 648-670. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.8.648
  3. Markus, Hazel Rose (1977). "Self-schemata and processing information about the self". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 35: 63–78. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63.
  4. Markus, Hazel Rose; Kitayama, Shinobu (April 1991). "Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, motivation, and emotion". Psychological Review. 98 (2): 224–253. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224.
  5. Townsend, S. S. M., Fryberg, S. A., Wilkins, C. L., & Markus, H. B. (2012). Being mixed: Who claims a biracial identity?. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(1), 91-96. doi: 10.1037/a0026845
  6. Townsend, S.S.M., Markus, H.R., Bergsieker, H.B. (2009). My choice, your categories: The denial of multiracial identities. Journal of Social Issues. 65(1), 185-204. doi: 0.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.01594.x
  7. DiMaggio, P., & Markus, H. R. (2010). Cultural and social psychology:converging perspectives. Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(4), 347-352. doi: 10.1177/0190272510389010
  8. Boiger, M., Mesquita, B., Tsai, A., & Markus, H. B. (2012). Influencing and adjusting in daily emotional situations: A comparison of European and Asian american action styles. Cognition and Emotion, 26(2), 332-340. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.572422
  9. Coe, C. L., Love, G. D., Karasawa, M., Kawakami, N., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., … Ryff, C. D. (2011). Detailed record population differences in proinflammatory biology: Japanese have healthier profiles than americans. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 25(3), 494-502. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.11.013
  10. Karasawa, M., Curhan, K. B., Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S. S., Love, G. D., Radler, B. T., & Ryff, C. D. (2011). cultural perspectives on aging and well-being: A comparison of japan and the united states. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 73(1), 73-98. doi: 10.2190/AG.73.1.d

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