Hearing Voices Movement

The Hearing Voices Movement is the name used by organizations and individuals advocating the "hearing voices approach",^[1] an alternative way of understanding the experience of those people who "hear voices". In the medical professional literature, ‘voices’ are most often referred to as auditory hallucinations or ‘verbal’ hallucinations. The movement uses the term ‘voices’, which it feels is a more accurate and 'user-friendly' term.

The movement was instigated by Marius Romme, Sandra Escher and Patsy Hage^[2] in 1987. It challenges the notion that to hear voices is necessarily a characteristic of mental illness.^[3][4][5] Instead it regards hearing voices as a meaningful and understandable, although unusual, human variation.^[6][7] It therefore rejects the stigma and pathologisation of hearing voices and advocates human rights, social justice and support for people who hear voices that is empowering and recovery focused.^[8][9][10] The movement thus challenges the medical model of mental illness, specifically the validity of the schizophrenia construct.^[11]

History and tenets

The international Hearing Voices Movement is a prominent mental health service-user/survivor movement that promotes the needs and perspectives of experts by experience in the phenomenon of hearing voices (auditory verbal hallucinations). The main tenet of the Hearing Voices Movement is the notion that hearing voices is a meaningful human experience.^[12]

The Hearing Voices Movement regards itself and is regarded by others as being a post-psychiatric organisation.^[13][14][15] It positions itself outside of the mental health world in recognition that voices are an aspect of human difference, rather than a mental health problem. One of the main issues of concern for the Hearing Voices Movement is empowerment ^[16] and human rights as outlined in its Melbourne Hearing Voices Declaration 2013^[17] and Thessaloniki Declaration 2014.^[18]

The Hearing Voices Movement also seeks holistic health solutions to problematic and overwhelming voices that cause mental distress. Based on their research,^[19] the movement espouses that many people successfully live with their voices. In themselves voices are not seen as the problem. Rather it is the relationship the person has with their voices that is regarded as the main issue.^[8][20] Research indicates that mindfulness-based interventions can be beneficial for people distressed by hearing voices.^[21][22][23]

The Hearing Voices Movement has developed interventions for mental health practitioners to support people who hear voices and are overwhelmed by the experience.^{[24][25][26][27][28]}

Position

The position of the hearing voices movement can be summarised as follows:^[19][29]

• Hearing voices is not in itself a sign of mental illness.
• Hearing voices is part of the diversity of being a human, it is a faculty that is uncommon but significant.
• Hearing voices is experienced by many people who do not have symptoms that would lead to diagnosis of mental illness.
• Hearing voices is often related to problems in life history.
• If hearing voices causes distress, the person who hears the voices can learn strategies to cope with the experience.
• Coping is often achieved by confronting the past problems that lie behind the experience.

Theoretical overview

The work of Romme, Escher and other researchers^{[4][10][30][31][32][33]} provides a theoretical framework for the movement. They find that:

1. Not everyone who hears voices becomes a patient. Over a third of 400 voice hearers in the Netherlands they studied had not had any contact with psychiatric services. These people either described themselves as being able to cope with their voices and/or described their voices as life enhancing.^[34]
2. Demographic (epidemiological) research carried out over the last 120 years provides evidence that there are people who hear voices in the general population (2%-6%) who are not necessarily troubled by them ^{[35][36][37][38][39]}). Only a small minority fulfill the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis and, of those, only a few seek psychiatric aid^[40] indicating that hearing voices in itself is not necessarily a symptom of an illness.^[41] Even more (about 8%) have peculiar delusions and do so without being ill.
3. People who cope well with their voices and those who did not, show clear differences in terms of the nature of the relationship they had with their voices.^[42]
4. People who live well with their voice experience use different strategies to manage their voices than those voice hearers who are overwhelmed by them.^[19][43]
5. 70% of voice hearers reported that their voices had begun after a severe traumatic or intensely emotional event^{[44][45][46][47][48][49]} such as an accident, divorce or bereavement, sexual or physical abuse, love affairs, or pregnancy.^[50] Romme and colleagues found that the onset of voice hearing amongst a patient group was preceded by either a traumatic event or an event that activated the memory of an earlier trauma.^[51][52]
6. Specifically, there is a high correlation between voice hearing and abuse^[53] These findings are being substantiated further in on-going studies with voice hearing amongst children.^[48][54]
7. Some people who hear voices have a deep need to construct a personal understanding for their experiences and to talk to others about it without being designated as mad.^[55]

Romme, colleagues and other researchers find that people who hear voices can be helped using methods such as voice dialoguing ^[56] cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)^[57] and self-help methods.^[58]

Romme theorizes a three phase model of recovery:^[29]

• Startling – Initial confusion; emotional chaos, fear, helplessness and psychological turmoil.
• Organization – The need to find meaning, arrive at some understanding and acceptance. The development of ways of coping and accommodating voices in everyday living. This task may take months or years and is marked by the attempt to enter into active negotiation with the voice(s).
• Stabilisation – The establishment of equilibrium, and accommodation, with the voice(s), and the consequent re-empowerment of the person.

Alternative to medical model of disability

The Hearing Voices Movement disavows the medical model of disability and disapproves of the practises of mental health services through much of the Western World, such as treatment solely with medication.^[59] For example, some service users have reported negative experiences of mental health services because they are discouraged from talking about their voices as these are seen solely as symptoms of psychiatric illness.^{[60][61][62][63][64]} Slade and Bentall conclude that the failure to attend to hallucinatory experiences and/or have the opportunity for dialogue about them is likely to have the effect of helping to maintain them.^[65]

In Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity, Leudar and Thomas review nearly 3,000 years of voice-hearing history.^[66] They argue that the Western World has moved the experience of hearing voices from a socially valued context to a pathologised and denigrated one. Foucault has argued that this process can generally arise when a minority perspective is at odds with dominant social norms and beliefs.^[67]

Organisation

The Hearing Voices Movement^[68] was established in 1987 by Romme and Escher, both from the Netherlands, with the formation of Stichting Weerklank (Foundation Resonance), a peer led support organisation for people who hear voices. In 1988, the Hearing Voices Network was established in England with the active support of Romme.^[69] Since then, networks have been established in 35 countries.^[70]

INTERVOICE (The International Network for Training, Education and Research into Hearing Voices) is the organisation that provides coordination and support to the Hearing Voices Movement. It is supported by people who hear voices, relatives, friends and mental health professionals including therapists, social workers, nurses, psychiatrists and psychologists.

INTERVOICE was formed in 1997, at a meeting of voice hearers, family members and mental health workers was held in Maastricht, Netherlands to consider how to organise internationally further research and work about the subject of voice hearing. The meeting decided to create a formal organizational structure to provide administrative and coordinating support to the wide variety of initiatives in the different involved countries.

The organisation is structured as a network and was incorporated in 2007 as a non-profit company and charity under UK law. It operates under the name of International Hearing Voices Projects Ltd. The president is Marius Romme and the governing body is made up of people who hear voices and mental health practitioners.^[71]

Activities

Hearing Voices Groups

Hearing Voices Groups are based on an ethos of self-help, mutual respect and empathy. They provide a safe space for people to share their experiences and to support one another. They are peer support groups, involving social support and belonging, not necessarily therapy or treatment. Groups offer an opportunity for people to accept and live with their experiences in a way that helps them regain some power over their lives. There are hundreds of hearing voices groups and networks across the world.^[72] In 2014 there were more than 180 groups in the UK. These include groups for young people, people in prison, women and people from Black and Minority Ethnic communities.^{[73][74][75][76][77][78]}

World Hearing Voices Congress

INTERVOICE hosts the annual World Hearing Voices Congress. In 2015 the 7th Congress was held in Madrid, Spain, the 2016 Congress will be held in Paris, France. Previous conferences have been held in Maastricht, Netherlands, (2009); Nottingham, England (2010), Savona, Italy (2011), Cardiff, Wales (2012); Melbourne, Australia (2013); Thessaloniki, Greece (2014); Madrid, Spain (2015).

Annual World Hearing Voices Day

This is held on the 14th September and celebrates hearing voices as part of the diversity of human experience, It seeks to increase awareness of the fact that you can hear voices and be healthy. It also challenges the negative attitudes towards people who hear voices and the assumption that hearing voices, in itself, is a sign of mental illness.

Website and Social Media Platforms

INTERVOICE maintains several forums on Twitter, Facebook and other social media platforms.

Research Committee

INTERVOICE has an international research committee, that commissions research, encourages and supports exchanges and visits between member countries, the translation and publication of books and other literature on the subject of hearing voices and other related extraordinary experiences.^[79]

Impact

Informing public debate

Awareness of the hearing voices approach in the public arena has grown over the last twenty seven years through media coverage in Europe, USA, Australia etc.:

• Hearing Voices, Horizon Documentary, BBC, UK (1995) Description "Traditional clinical psychology postulates that people who hear voices are mad, but Dutch psychiatrist Professor Marius Romme argues that the voices people hear relate to their own thoughts and that they can learn to live with them. Explores the arguments for focusing on what the voices say, rather than suppressing them with medication." Broadcast on BBC2 on 24/4/95.^[80]
• Angels and Demons directed by Sonya Pemberton, f2003; produced by ABC Commercial, in Enough Rope, Episode 162 (Ultimo, New South Wales: ABC Commercial, 2008), 47 mins description "Angels and Demons provides a rare insight into the experiences of those with mental illness. Himself deeply confronted, Andrew also finds the possibility of a better life for people often dismissed as beyond hope."^[81]
• The Doctor Who Hears Voices, Channel 4, UK Description Based on a true story. "Ruth" (played by actress Ruth Wilson, to protect the identity of the real patient in question) is a junior doctor hearing voices which tell her to kill herself. She is treated by controversial psychologist Dr Rufus May. Rufus May is a maverick psychologist. He believes there is no such thing as schizophrenia, that medication can destroy lives and that there's nothing wrong with hearing voices. Rufus is an authority on the subject. He was diagnosed with acute schizophrenia aged 18."^[82]
• The voices in my head TED2013, Filmed February 2013 Description "Despite what traditional medicine may opine, Eleanor Longden isn’t crazy -- and neither are many other people who hear voices in their heads. In fact, the psychic phenomenon is a “creative and ingenious survival strategy” that should be seen “not as an abstract symptom of illness to be endured, but as complex, significant, and meaningful experience to be explored,” the British psychology researcher says. Longden spent many years in the psychiatric system before earning a BSc and an MSc in psychology, the highest classifications ever granted by the University of Leeds, England. Today she is studying for her PhD, and lectures and writes about recovery-oriented approaches to psychosis, dissociation and complex trauma." Viewed over three million times on TED Talks and a further one million times on Youtube.^[83]

Hearing Voices Network Cymru (Wales) maintains a media archive of articles and news items about hearing voices for the last seven years.^[84] A recently published study investigated media reports of the experience of hearing voices. The results showed that 84% of the articles contained no suggestion that voice-hearing can be ‘normal’. That positive view was contained in only 23 of the 181 articles Another ten of these more positive articles put voice-hearing in a religious or spiritual context, for example considering the case of Joan of Arc. Most of the articles (81.8%) connected voice-hearing to mental illness. In some cases, auditory verbal hallucinations were simply equated with insanity.^[85]

Criticism of the Hearing Voices Movement

The Hearing Voices Movement has been criticised for its stance on medication and schizophrenia and for promoting non-medical and non-evidence based approaches to severe mental illnesses in articles by Susan Inman from the Huffington Post, such as "People Who Hear Voices Need Science-Based Advice" in 2013,^[86] and "What You're not Hearing About the Hearing Voices Movement" in 2015.^[87]

Specific criticisms of the hearing voices approach include:

• using ideas that don't support science-based ways of understanding illness
• undermines people's trust in medical help that might be crucial to their wellbeing
• encourages people to focus on their voices when they may be having a hard time differentiating between what's real and what's not real
• doesn't recognize the very different needs of people with severe mental illnesses
• by failing to differentiate between the needs of people who actually have psychotic disorders and those who don't, HVM poses serious risks
• poses real danger for the substantial number of people who lack insight into their psychotic disorder
• people struggling with psychotic symptoms shouldn't be advised to emphasize the meaning of auditory hallucinations

Publications

• Blackman, Lisa (2001). Hearing voices: embodiment and experience. London New York: Free Association Books. ISBN 9781853435331.
• Coleman, Ron; Smith, Mike (2005) [1997]. Working with voices: victim to victor. Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside: Handsell. ISBN 9780954810344.
• Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Starting and supporting voices groups: a guide to setting up and running support groups for people who hear voices, see visions or experience tactile or other sensations. Manchester, England: Hearing Voices Network.
• Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Coping with voices and visions: a guide to helping people who experience hearing voices, seeing visions, tactile or other sensations. Manchester England: Hearing Voices Network.
• James, Adam (2001). Raising our voices: an account of the hearing voices movement. Handsell Publishing. ISBN 9781903199138.
• Jaynes, Julian (1976). The origin of consciousness and the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395207291.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip (2000). Voices of reason, voices of insanity: studies of verbal hallucinations. London New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415147866.
• Longden, Eleanor (2013). Learning from the voices in my head. Cambridge: TED Books.
• McCarthy-Jones, Simon (2012). Hearing voices: the histories, causes, and meanings of auditory verbal hallucinations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139017534.
• Romme, Marius A.J. (2011), "Accepting and making sense of voices: a recovery-focused therapy plan", in Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D., Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach, Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS), pp. 153–165, ISBN 9780415673303.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (1992). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690139.
• Romme, Marius A.J. (1996). Understanding voices: coping with auditory hallucinations and confusing realities. Runcorn, Cheshire: Handsell Publications. ISBN 9789072551092.

Also published by Rijksuniversiteit Maastricht in the Netherlands.

• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2000). Making sense of voices: the mental health professional's guide to working with voice-hearers. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690863.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2010). Children hearing voices: what you need to know andwhat you can do. Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, UK: Pccs Books. ISBN 9781906254353.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2011). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 129–139. ISBN 9780415673303.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D.; Dillon, Jacqui; Corstens, Dirk; Morris, Mervyn (2009). Living with voices: 50 stories of recovery. Herefordshire: PCCS Books in association with Birmingham City University. ISBN 9781906254223.
• Stephens, G. Lynn; Graham, George (2000). "When self-consciousness breaks: alien voices and inserted thoughts". Philosophical Pychopathology Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262194372.
• Watkins, John (2008) [1998]. Hearing voices: a common human experience. Melbourne, Victoria: Michelle Anderson Publishing. ISBN 9780855723903.

See also

• Auditory hallucination
• Critical Psychiatry Network
• Demon
• Diagnosis of schizophrenia
• Hearing Voices Network
• Interpretation of Schizophrenia
• Neurodiversity
• Paranoia Network
• Peer support
• Psychiatric survivors movement
• Recovery approach
• Self-help groups for mental health
• Social construction of schizophrenia
• Trauma model of mental disorders

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54. Escher, S., Morris, M., Buiks, A., Delespaul, P., Van Os, J., Romme, M. (2004), Determinants of outcome in the pathways through care for children hearing voices. International Journal of Social Welfare, 13, pp. 208-222
55. Cockshutt, Graham. "Choices for voices: A voice hearer's perspective on hearing voices." Cognitive neuropsychiatry 9.1-2 (2004): 9-11.
56. Corstens, Dirk, Eleanor Longden, and Rufus May. "Talking with voices: Exploring what is expressed by the voices people hear." Psychosis 4.2 (2012): 95-104.
57. McLeod T, Morris M, Birchwood M, Dovey A. Cognitive behavioural therapy group work with voice hearers. Part 1. Br J Nurs. 2007 Feb 22-Mar 7;16(4):248-52. McLeod T, Morris M, Birchwood M, Dovey A. Cognitive behavioural therapy group work with voice hearers. Part 2. Br J Nurs. 2007 Mar 8-21;16(5):292-5.
58. Ruddle A, Mason O, Wykes T. A review of hearing voices groups: evidence and mechanisms of change. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Jul;31(5):757-66.
59. Honig, Adriaan (1992), "Medication and hearing voices", in Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D., Accepting voices, London: Mind Publications, pp. 235–243, ISBN 9781874690139.
60. Martin, P. J. "Hearing voices and listening to those that hear them." Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 7.2 (2000): 135-141.
61. Heard but not seen (1990). Romme, M.A.J. & Escher, A.D.M.A.C. Open Mind No 49, 16-18
62. 'You don't talk about the voices': voice hearers and community mental health nurses talk about responding to voice hearing experiences. Coffey M, Hewitt J. J Clin Nurs. 2008 Jun;17(12):1591-600.
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64. England M. Accuracy of nurses' perceptions of voice hearing and psychiatric symptoms. J Adv Nurs. 2007 Apr;58(2):130-9.
65. Slade P, Bentall R. Psychological treatments for negative symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement. 1989 Nov;(7):133-5.
66. The anatomy of hallucinations. Johnson, Fred H. Oxford, England: Nelson-Hall. (1978). xvi 239 pp.
67. M. Foucault, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason trans. by R. Howard, (London: Tavistock, 1965) - abridged; History of Madness ed. Jean Khalfa, trans. Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa, (London: Routledge, 2006)
68. Escher S. Romme M. The Hearing Voices Movement, Chapter 28 page 385 in “Hallucinations” by Jan Dirk Blom and Iris E.C. Sommer, Editors Springer, New York; Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London (2012).
69. Adam James (201) Raising Our Voices: An Account of the Hearing Voices Movement, Handsell Publishing (2001)
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71. "Meet The Board". intervoiceonline.org. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
73. Meddings, Sara, et al. "Are hearing voices groups effective? A preliminary evaluation." Unpublished manuscript, Sussex, UK. Retrieved from: http://www. intervoiceonline. org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/Voiceseval. pdf (2004).
74. Anna Ruddlea, Oliver Mason, Til Wykes, A review of hearing voices groups: Evidence and mechanisms of change, Clinical Psychology Review Volume 31, Issue 5, July 2011, Pages 757–766, 2011)
75. Dillon, Jacqui; Longden, Eleanor (2011), "Hearing voices groups: creating safe spaces to share taboo experiences", in Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D., Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach, Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS), pp. 129–139, ISBN 9780415673303.
76. Chadwick, Paul, et al. "Challenging the omnipotence of voices: group cognitive behavior therapy for voices." Behaviour Research and Therapy 38.10 (2000): 993-1003.
77. Chadwick, Paul, et al. "Mindfulness groups for distressing voices and paranoia: A replication and randomized feasibility trial." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 37.04 (2009): 403-412.
78. Snelling, Emma. "Hungry researchers: The tensions and dilemmas of developing an emancipatory research project with members of a hearing voices group." Journal of Social Work Practice 19.2 (2005): 131-147.
85. Ruvanee P Vilhauer, Depictions of auditory verbal hallucinations in news media, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, May 27, 2014

Further reading

Press

• Treatment of Schizophrenia Challenged In Western Australia The NewsMaker (Australia) 9 June 2011, "The Psychiatrist, the psychologist and the ex patient: a frank discussion on schizophrenia" Dr Dirk Corstens from the Netherlands, award-winning psychologist Eleanor Longden, and ex patient and Voices advocate Ron Coleman, discuss their expertise and experience on schizophrenia and voice hearing, as well as share innovative ways on the treatment of schizophrenia and management the experience.
• A first-class recovery: From hopeless case to graduate The Independent (UK) 25 October 2009, Eleanor Longden was a diagnosed schizophrenic and heard menacing voices in her head for 10 years.
• Embracing the dark voices within BBC News Online (UK), 3 September 2009
• I talk back to the voices in my head The Guardian (UK), 4 April 2009
• A dialogue with myself The Independent (UK), 15 April 2008, When Ruth began hearing voices, she turned to a controversial drug-free therapy programme. Now, her story is told in a powerful TV film
• Listening Cure Time/CNN (USA), 21 February 2008
• Can You Live With the Voices in Your Head? New York Times (USA), 25/03/2007
• Voices carry Boston Globe (USA), 25/03/2007
• The mad doctor: The extraordinary story of Dr Rufus May, the former psychiatric patient The Independent (UK), 18 March 2007
• Mad Medicine: A New Group for People Who Hear Voices Celebrates Mental Diversity Portland Mercury June 25, 2009
• Assiz. C (6 January 1991) Heard but not seen, Independent on Sunday

Articles

• Baker, Paul K. (October 1990). "I hear voices and I'm glad to!". Critical Public Health. Taylor and Francis. 1 (4): 21–27. doi:10.1080/09581599008406791.
• Baker, Paul K. (1995). "Accepting the inner voices". Nursing Times. Emap Publishing Ltd. 91 (31): 59–61.
• Baker, Paul K. (1996). Can you hear me, a research and practice summary. Stavanger: Psykiatrisk Opplysningsfond. OCLC 472812459.
• Barret, Terry R.; Etheridge, Jane B. (September–October 1992). "Verbal hallucinations in normals, I: people who hear 'voices'". Applied Cognitive Psychology. Wiley. 6 (5): 379–387. doi:10.1002/acp.2350060503.
• Bentall, Richard P. (January 1990). "The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research into psychotic hallucinations". Psychological Bulletin. American Psychological Association via PsycNET. 107 (1): 82–95. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.82. PMID 2404293.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Jackson, Howard F.; Pilgrim, David (November 1988). "Abandoning the concept of "schizophrenia": some implications of validity arguments for psychological research into psychotic phenomena". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. Wiley. 27 (4): 303–324. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1988.tb00795.x. PMID 3063319.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Claridge, Gordon S.; Slade, Peter D. (1989). "The multidimensional nature of schizotypal traits: a factor analytic study with normal subjects". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. Wiley. 28 (4): 363–375. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb00840.x. PMID 2605389.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Haddock, Gillian; Slade, Peter D. (Winter 1994). "Cognitive behaviour therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations: from theory to therapy". Behavioral Psychotherapy. Elsevier. 25 (1): 51–56. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80145-5.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Kaney, Sue; Dewey, Michael E. (February 1991). "Paranoia and social reasoning: an attribution theory analysis". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. Wiley. 30 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00915.x.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Slade, Peter D (1985). "Reliability of a scale for measuring disposition towards hallucinations: a brief report". Personality and Individual Differences. Elsevier. 6 (4): 527–529. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90151-5.
• Bentall, Richard P.; Haddock, Gillian; Slade, Peter D. (Winter 1994). "Cognitive behaviour therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations". Behaviour Therapy. Elsevier. 25 (1): 51–66. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80145-5.
• Chadwick, Paul; Birchwood, Max J. (February 1994). "Challenging the omnipotence of voices: a cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations". British Journal of Psychiatry. Royal College of Psychiatrists. 164 (2): 190–201. doi:10.1192/bjp.164.2.190. PMID 8173822. [Challenging the omnipotence of voices: a cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations Pdf.]
• Coleman, Ron; Smith, Mike (1997). Working with voices: victim to victor. Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside: Handsell. ISBN 9781903199015.
• Cullberg, Johan (September 1991). "Recovered versus non-recovered schizophrenic patients among those who have had intensive psychotherapy". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Wiley. 84 (3): 242–245. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03137.x.
• Davies, Peggy; Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip (May 1999). "Dialogical engagement with voices: a single case study". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. Wiley. 72 (2): 179–187. doi:10.1348/000711299159934. Pdf.
• Davies, Hywel (2002), "Hearing voices past and present: a users perspective", in Harris, Neil; Williams, Steve; Bradshaw, Tim, Psychosocial interventions for people with schizphrenia: a practical guide for health workers, Palgrave McMillan, pp. 18–25, ISBN 9780333777398.
• Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Starting and supporting voices groups: a guide to setting up and running support groups for people who hear voices, see visions or experience tactile or other sensations. Manchester, England: Hearing Voices Network.
• Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Coping with voices and visions: a guide to helping people who experience hearing voices, seeing visions, tactile or other sensations. Manchester England: Hearing Voices Network.
• Ensink, Bernardine J. (1993). Confusing realities: a study of child sexual abuse and psychiatric symptoms. Amsterdam: VU University Press. ISBN 9789053830857.

Also Ensink, Bernardine J. (1992), "Trauma: a study of child abuse and hallucinations", in Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D., Accepting voices, London: Mind Publications, ISBN 9781874690139.

• Eaton, William W.; Romanoski, Alan; Anthony, James C.; Nestadt, Gerald James (1991). "Screening for psychosis in the general population with a self-report interview". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 179 (11): 689–693. doi:10.1097/00005053-199111000-00007. PMID 1940893.
• Falloon, Ian R.H.; Talbot, Ralph E. (May 1981). "Persistent auditory hallucinations: coping mechanisms and implications for management". Psychological Medicine. Cambridge University Press. 11 (2): 329–339. doi:10.1017/S0033291700052144. PMID 7267874.
• Freedland, Jonathan (22 April 1995). "Hearing is believing". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group.
• Grierson, Mike (1991). A report on the Manchester hearing voices conference November 1990. Manchester, England: Hearing Voices Network.
• Haddock, Gillian; Bentall, Richard P.; Slade, Peter D. (1996), "Psychological treatments for auditory hallucinations, focussing or distraction?", in Haddock, Gillian; Slade, Peter D., Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders, London: Routledge, pp. 45–71, ISBN 9780415102902.
• Haddock, Gillian; Bentall, Richard P.; Slade, Peter D. (1993). "Psychological treatment of chronic auditory hallucinations: two case studies". Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy. Cambridge Journals. 21 (4): 335–346. doi:10.1017/S1352465800011668.
• Heery, Myrtle W. (1989). "Inner voice experiences: an exploratory study of thirty cases". Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. Association for Transpersonal Psychology. 21 (1): 73–82. Pdf.
• Holmes, Doug (1998). Hearing voices: Hillary, Angels, and O.J. to the voice-producing brain. Rileyville, Virginia: Shenandoah Psychology Press. ISBN 9780966397376.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip (1995). The Verbal Hallucinations Pragmatics Schedule: Guidelines for establishing pragmatic aspects of voice-voice hearer talk. Manchester, UK: Department of Psychology, University of Manchester.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip (2000). Voices of reason, voices of insanity: studies of verbal hallucinations. London/New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415147866.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip; Johnston, Margaret (October 1992). "Self repair for in dialogues of schizophrenics: effects of hallucinations and negative symptoms". Brain and Language. Elsevier. 43 (3): 487–511. doi:10.1016/0093-934X(92)90114-T. PMID 1446215.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip; Johnston, Margaret (August 1994). "Self monitoring in speech production: effects of verbal hallucinations and negative symptoms". Psychological Medicine. Cambridge Journals. 24 (3): 749–761. doi:10.1017/S0033291700027902. PMID 7991757.
• Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip; McNally, D.; Glinsky, A. (July 1997). "What can voices do with words? Pragmatics of verbal hallucinations". Psychological Medicine. Cambridge Journals. 27 (4): 885–898. doi:10.1017/S0033291797005138. PMID 9234466.
• Lineham, Tim (26 March 1993). "Hearing is believing". New Statesman and Society. New Statesman Ltd. 245: 18–19. ISSN 0954-2361. OCLC 224602448.
• Loekhort, Russell A. (September 1975). "Mary's dog is an ear mother: listening to the voices of psychosis". Psychological Perspectives: A Quarterly Journal of Jungian Thought. Taylor and Francis. 6 (2): 144–160. doi:10.1080/00332927508409446.
• Miller, Laura J.; O'Connor, Eileen; DiPasquale, Tony (April 1993). "Patients' attitudes toward hallucinations". American Journal of Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association. 150 (4): 584–588. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.4.584. PMID 8465874. Pdf.
• Rector, Neil A.; Seeman, Mary V. (September 1992). "Auditory hallucinations in women and men". Schizophrenia Research. Elsevier. 7 (3): 233–236. doi:10.1016/0920-9964(92)90017-Y. PMID 1390402.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (1996), "Empowering people who hear voices", in Haddock, Gillian; Slade, Peter D., Cognitive-behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders, London: Routledge, pp. 137–150, ISBN 9780415102902. Available online.
• Sarbin, Theodore R. (Summer–Autumn 1990). "Towards the obsolescence of the schizophrenia hypothesis". The Journal of Mind and Behavior. University of Maine. 11 (3–4): 259–283. Pdf.
• Siegel, Ronald K. (1992). Fire in the brain: clinical tales of hallucination. New York, New York: Dutton Books. ISBN 9780525934080.
• Sidgwick, Henry A.; Johnson, Alice; Myers, Frederic W. H.; Podmore, Frank; Sidgwick, Eleanor Mildred (1894). Report on the Census of Hallucinations. UK. Preview.

• Described in: James, William (1986), "The Census of Hallucinations (1889-1897)", in James, William, Essays in psychical research, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 56–78, ISBN 9780674267084.
• See also: "Report on the Census of Hallucinations Society for Psychical Research: Chapter XII Death-coincidences". History of Psychiatry. Sage. 5 (19): 403–415. September 1994. doi:10.1177/0957154X9400501909.
• and: James, William (January 1895). "Review of Report on the Census of Hallucinations". Psychological Review. American Psychological Association via PsycNET. 2 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1037/h0068910.

• Slade, Peter D. (1994), "Models of hallucination: from theory to practice", in David, Anthony S.; Cutting, John C., The neuropsychology of schizophrenia, Brain, Behaviour and Cognition Series, Hove, UK Hillsdale, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., pp. 245–254, ISBN 9780863773037.
• Slade, Peter D.; Bentall, Richard P. (1988). Sensory deception: towards a scientific analysis of hallucinations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801837609.
• Tarrier, Nicholas; Harwood, Susan; Yusupoff, Lawrence; Beckett, Richard; Baker, Amanda (October 1990). "Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE): a method of treating residual schizophrenic symptoms". Behavioural Psychotherapy. Cambridge Journals. 18 (4): 283–293. doi:10.1017/S0141347300010387.
• Tiihonen, Jari; Hari, Riitta; Naukkarinen, Hannu; Rimón, Ranan; Jousmäki, Veikko; Kajola, Matti (February 1992). "Modified activity of the human auditory cortex during auditory hallucinations". American Journal of Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association. 149 (2): 255–257. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.2.255. PMID 1734750.
• Yusopoff, Lawrence; Tarrier, Nicholas (1996), "Coping strategy enhancement for persistent hallucinations and delusions", in Haddock, Gillian; Slade, P.D., Cognitive, behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders, London: Routledge, pp. 86–103, ISBN 9780415102902. Read online.

Voice Hearing Prevalence

• Beavan, Vanessa; Read, John; Cartwright, Claire (June 2011). "The prevalence of voice-hearers in the general population: a literature review". Journal of Mental Health. Taylor and Francis. 20 (3): 281–292. doi:10.3109/09638237.2011.562262. PMID 21574793.
• Pearson, David; Smalley, Michelle; Ainsworth, Christopher; Cook, Maria; Boyle, Jacqueline; Flury, Sarah (August 2008). "Auditory hallucinations in adolescent and adult students: implications for continuums and adult pathology following child abuse". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 196 (8): 634–638. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31818132b6. PMID 18974676.
• Posey, Thomas B.; Losch, Mary E. (October 1983). "Auditory hallucinations of hearing voices in 375 normal subjects". Imagination, Cognition and Personality. Sage. 3 (2): 99–113. doi:10.2190/74V5-HNXN-JEY5-DG7W.
• Tien, Allen Y. (November 1991). "Distributions of hallucinations in the population". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. Springer. 26 (6): 287–292. doi:10.1007/BF00789221. PMID 1792560.

Voice Hearing and Life Events

• Andrew, Elizabeth Marie; Gray, Nicola S.; Snowden, Robert (October 2008). "The relationship between trauma and beliefs about hearing voices: a study of psychiatric and non-psychiatric voice hearers". Psychological Medicine. Cambridge Journals. 38 (10): 1409–1417. doi:10.1017/S003329170700253X. PMID 18177529. Pdf.
• Honig, Adriaan; Romme, Marius A.J.; Ensink, Bernadine J.; Escher, Sandra D.; Pennings, Monique H.A.; deVries, Marten W. (October 1998). "Auditory hallucinations: a comparison between patients and nonpatients". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 186 (10): 646–651. doi:10.1097/00005053-199810000-00009. PMID 9788642.
• Moskowitz, Andrew; Corstens, Dirk (January 2008). "Auditory hallucinations: psychotic symptom or dissociative experience?". Journal of Psychological Trauma. Taylor and Francis. 6 (2–3): 35–63. doi:10.1300/J513v06n02_04.
• Read, John; Perry, Bruce D.; Moskowitz, Andrew; Connolly, Jan (December 2001). "The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: a traumagenic neurodevelopmental model". Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. Taylor and Francis. 64 (4): 319–345. doi:10.1521/psyc.64.4.319.18602. PMID 11822210.
• Read, John; van Os, Jim; Morrison, Anthony P.; Ross, Colin A. (November 2005). "Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Wiley. 112 (5): 330–350. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00634.x.
• Shevlin, Mark; Murphy, Jamie; Read, John; Mallett, John; Adamson, Gary; Houston, James Edward (December 2011). "Childhood adversity and hallucinations: a community-based study using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. Springer. 46 (12): 1203–1210. doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0296-x. PMID 20931325.
• Whitfield, Charles L.; Dube, Shanta R.; Felitti, Vincent J.; Anda, Robert F. (July 2005). "Adverse childhood experiences and hallucinations". Child Abuse and Neglect. Elsevier. 29 (7): 797–810. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.01.004. PMID 16051353.

Working With Voices

• Beavan, Vanessa; Read, John (March 2010). "Hearing voices and listening to what they say: the importance of voice content in understanding and working with distressing voices". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 198 (3): 201–205. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d14612. PMID 20215997.
• Corstens, Dirk; Longden, Eleanor; May, Rufus (June 2012). "Talking with voices: exploring what is expressed by the voices people hear". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. Taylor and Francis. 4 (2): 95–104. doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.571705.
• Longden, Eleanor; Corstens, Dirk; Escher, Sandra D.; Romme, Marius A.J. (October 2012). "Voice hearing in biographical context: a model for formulating the relationship between voices and life history". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. Taylor and Francis. 4 (3): 224–234. doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.596566.
• Romme, Marius A.J.; Morris, Mervyn (October 2013). "The recovery process with hearing voices: accepting as well as exploring their emotional background through a supported process". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches, special issue: Voices in a Positive Light. Taylor and Francis. 5 (3): 259–269. doi:10.1080/17522439.2013.830641.
• Stainsby, Matt; Sapochnik, Manuela; Bledin, Ken; Mason, Oliver J. (February 2010). "Are attitudes and beliefs about symptoms more important than symptom severity in recovery from psychosis?". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches. Taylor and Francis. 2 (1): 41–49. doi:10.1080/17522430903144386.

Hearing Voices Groups

• Dillon, Jacqui; Hornstein, Gail A. (October 2013). "Hearing voices peer support groups: a powerful alternative for people in distress". Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches, special issue: Voices in a Positive Light. Taylor and Francis. 5 (3): 286–295. doi:10.1080/17522439.2013.843020.
• Dillon, Jacqui; Longden, Eleanor (2011), "Hearing voices groups: creating safe spaces to share taboo experiences", in Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D., Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach, Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS), pp. 129–139, ISBN 9780415673303.
• May, Rufus; Longden, Eleanor (2010), "Self-help approaches to hearing voices", in Larøi, Frank; Aleman, André, Hallucinations: a guide to treatment and management, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199548590.

Links

• hearingvoicesusa.org (PDF)
• childtrauma.org (PDF)