Hereford Road Skew Bridge

Hereford Road Skew Bridge

A stone arch spanning a narrow road at an oblique angle

East face of Hereford Road Skew Bridge showing the stepped nature of its intrados
Coordinates 52°02′42″N 2°25′43″W / 52.0450°N 2.4286°W / 52.0450; -2.4286Coordinates: 52°02′42″N 2°25′43″W / 52.0450°N 2.4286°W / 52.0450; -2.4286
Carries Ledbury Town Trail
Crosses A438, Hereford Road
Locale Ledbury, Herefordshire
Maintained by Herefordshire Council
Characteristics
Design Ribbed skew arch
Material Stone, brick
Number of spans 1
History
Construction end 1881
Opened 1885

Hereford Road Skew Bridge is a disused railway bridge in Ledbury, Herefordshire. Built in 1881 to carry the Ledbury and Gloucester Railway across the Hereford Road at an angle of approximately 45°, it was built as a ribbed skew arch with stone spandrels and wing walls, and ribs of blue brick.[1][2] The railway line was closed in 1959 and the bridge is now used as part of the Ledbury Town Trail footpath.[3][4]

History

The Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal opened in two phases in 1798 and 1845, but in 1863, after a period of financial difficulty, it was leased to the Great Western Railway and in 1881 work started on converting the southern section into a railway.[5] The Ross and Ledbury Railway Company's intention was to build a line between Ledbury and Ross-on-Wye via Dymock, where the Newent Railway Company planned a junction and a line that would link to the Great Western Railway at Over Junction, west of Gloucester. Both companies received Parliamentary approval in 1873, but due to financial difficulties building was delayed for two years, by which time the Ross and Ledbury Railway had abandoned its plan to reach Ross and linked with the Newent Railway head-on to provide a through route from Ledbury to Gloucester.[5]

The line opened to traffic on 27 July 1885, when the existing Ledbury station was renamed Ledbury Junction, the Ledbury and Gloucester line curving away from the Worcester and Hereford Railway line on an embankment immediately west of the station.[6] Just south of the junction the double-track line was carried at an awkward angle of approximately 45° over the Hereford Road, now part of the A438, by an arch bridge of "unusual design".[7]

The two smaller companies were amalgamated into the Great Western Railway in 1892, and on 4 January 1917 the double track between Ledbury and Dymock was singled to provide materials for the Great War.[5][8] The line closed to passenger traffic on 11 July 1959, with the section between Ledbury and Dymock closing completely and Ledbury Junction station reverting to its old name, while the southern section remained open to freight traffic until 30 May 1964.[5] Many bridges along the closed line were dismantled and in some cases just the abutments remain, but Hereford Road bridge remains intact and is currently in use as part of the Ledbury Town Trail footpath, with a nearby information board making the following extravagant claim:[3][4][9]

“ The Skew Bridge over the Hereford Road is probably one of the most 'skew' railway bridges in the country although the 'skew' canal bridge at Monkhide is believed to be the most angled bridge in the country. It is quite a feat of engineering and the brickwork is well worth a look from the road below. ”

The skew canal bridge to which reference is made is still in place at Monkhide, carrying a minor road over one of the few remaining stretches of the old canal.[10] However, now that the railway has been dismantled the canal has become the subject of an active and ambitious restoration scheme.[11]

Design and architecture

The oblique bridge was built in 1881 and constructed with stone abutments, parapet walls, spandrels and wing walls but to accommodate the skew it was built with 13 separate staggered but overlapping ribs in blue brick.[7] Photographs show that each rib forms a separate segmental right arch[A] equal in width to three stretcher bricks[B] (each nominally 9 inches (230 mm) long), and offset from each of its neighbours by the width of six header bricks (each nominally 4½ inches (115 mm) wide), thus providing as a whole for a skew angle of approximately 45°.[C] This method of construction was first proposed by British-born American architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1802 and later championed by French civil engineer A. Boucher, and has the advantage of being one of the simpler ways of building a skew arch, but set against that it has received considerable criticism for being "weak, ugly and wasteful of materials".[12][13][14] The bridge is relatively unadorned and devoid of fussy detail. The smooth blue brick ribs contrast with the rusticated pink sandstone and the east parapet wall carries a plain date stone to mark 1881 as the year of construction.

A view along a road, looking through a stone bridge that is partly obscured by trees.
Hereford Road bridge from Hereford Road. 
From a wall of stone, 13 narrow blue brick arch ribs spring. The spandrel wall, above, is also made of stone.
The 13 ribs making up the barrel of the arch. 
The arch ribs are made from blue engineering bricks laid in short courses only three bricks wide, using the stretcher bond. Six rings make up each rib.
Rib detail. 
View of the intrados of the arch, looking upwards. The blue engineering bricks are stained white in part by minerals leached from the mortar, but in general the brickwork is in good condition.
Looking up towards the crown of the arch from the road. 
With a tree in the foreground and ivy growing on the east parapet wall to the right, the view across the bridge is quite idyllic.
View from the footpath across the bridge, looking north-east. 
The bridge from the road, looking up through foliage at the east parapet wall with its unornamented date stone.
The east parapet wall from the road, showing the year of construction, 1881. 

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A segmental arch is one whose barrel is made from a segment of a circle that is smaller than a semicircle.[15] A right arch is a regular or unskewed arch, in which the faces are perpendicular to the abutments.
  2. ^ Bricks laid end to end are called stretchers. Bricks laid side by side are called headers. A course is a layer of bricks and when all the courses consist of stretchers the wall produced is said to use the stretcher bond, which results in a half-brick offset between courses for strength.[16] There appears to be no bonding between the wythes, or concentric rings that make up each rib and there is little opportunity for any bonding between ribs, except at the crown, where close examination of the photographs shows a single brick spanning the junction between each pair of adjacent ribs.[14]
  3. ^ Imperial size bricks are nominally 9 inches long, and of such a width that two headers plus the intervening layer of mortar occupy the same space along a course as a single stretcher.[17][18] The ribs that make up the arch are therefore nominally square in section. Therefore, if a denotes the amount of offset between adjacent ribs and b denotes the width of a rib, then the angle of skew, θ = tan−1 (a / b) = tan−1 1 = 45°.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 Rankine, William John Macquorn (1867). A Manual of Civil Engineering (5th ed.). London: Charles Griffin & Company. p. 432.
  2. ↑ Purvis, Rob. "SO7038 : Old railway bridge, Ledbury". Geograph. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  3. 1 2 "Photo by D. J. Norton, Ledbury". Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  4. 1 2 Greene, Miranda (2005). "Herefordshire Through Time: Ledbury Town Walk". Herefordshire Council. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Sharples, Barry. "Ledbury Transport History: 1. The Hereford and Gloucester Canal". Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  6. ↑ Whatley, Peter. "SO7038 : Site of Ledbury Junction". Geograph. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
  7. 1 2 "Historic Herefordshire on Line: SMR record 20098". Herefordshire Council. 1993. Retrieved 20 September 2009. Railway Bridge for disused Ledbury to Newent Line very unusual. Problem of crossing road at an angle without causing road to jink is solved by forming bridge of 13 small brick overlapping arches.
  8. ↑ MacDermot, Edward Terence (1931). History of the Great Western Railway. Vol. II (1863–1921) (1st ed.). London: Great Western Railway.
  9. ↑ Marks, Roger. "Disused Railways: Gloucester to Ledbury (GWR)". Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  10. ↑ "Yarkhill Parish and its History". St John the Baptist Church, Yarkhill, Diocese of Hereford. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  11. ↑ "Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal Trust". Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal Trust. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  12. ↑ "Philadelphia and Reading Railroad: Schuylkill River Viaduct" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  13. ↑ Boucher, A. (1848). "Note sur la construction des voûtes biaises au moyen d'une série d'arcs droits accolés les uns aux autres" [Notes on the construction of skewed vaults by means of a series of right arches built one against the other]. Annales des Ponts et Chaussées (in French). Paris: Editions Elsevier: 234–243.
  14. 1 2 Culley, John L. (1886). Treatise on the Theory of the Construction of Helicoidal Oblique Arches. New York: D. Van Nostrand. pp. 115–116. This method is very faulty, and cannot be too severely condemned. There is no bond between the several ribs, as each rib is separate and distinct in its construction and its position; the load above the arch is never uniform throughout the whole length of the arch, and on account of this lack of bond in the arch, it will be distorted by its unequal settlement. Again, the outer ribs are constantly being forced outwards by the action of frost upon the material that finds lodgement between their heading surfaces.
  15. ↑ "The Free Dictionary". Farlex. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
  16. ↑ Cartwright, Peter (2002). Bricklaying. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 22. ISBN 0-07-139239-4.
  17. ↑ Reay, Doug. "Bricks and Blocks". Hints and Things. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
  18. ↑ "Technical: Size Matters". Coleford Brick and Tile. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
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