Hip resurfacing

Hip resurfacing
Intervention
BHR compared with THR
ICD-9-CM	00.85-00.86

The BHR

Hip resurfacing has been developed as a surgical alternative to total hip replacement (THR). The procedure consists of placing a cobalt-chrome metal cap, which is hollow and shaped like a mushroom, over the head of the femur while a matching metal cup (similar to what is used with a THR) is placed in the acetabulum (pelvis socket), replacing the articulating surfaces of the patient's hip joint and removing very little bone compared to a THR. When the patient moves the hip, the movement of the joint induces synovial fluid to flow between the hard metal bearing surfaces lubricating them when the components are placed in the correct position. The surgeon's level of experience with hip resurfacing is most important; therefore, the selection of the right surgeon is crucial for a successful outcome. Health-related quality of life measures are markedly improved and patient satisfaction is favorable after hip resurfacing arthroplasty.^[1]

Advantages and disadvantages

The potential advantages of hip resurfacing compared to THR include less bone removal (bone preservation), a reduced chance of hip dislocation due to a relatively larger femoral head size (given that the patient has an anatomically correct femoral head size), and easier revision surgery for any subsequent revision to a THR device because a surgeon will have more original bone stock available^[2] The potential disadvantages of hip resurfacing are femoral neck fractures (rate of 0–4%), aseptic loosening, and metal wear.^[2] Due to the retention of the patient's complete femoral neck other advantages exist: Surgeon induced discrepancies in leg length (as could happen with THR) are now minimized. Also, the toe-in or toe-out faults that could occur interoperatively with THR are now over because the femoral neck that determines foot direction is left undisturbed with hip resurfacing.

On February 10, 2011, the U.S. FDA issued a patient advisory on metal-metal hip implants, stating it was continuing to gather and review all available information about metal-on-metal hip systems.^[3] On June 27–28, 2012, an advisory panel met to decide whether to impose new standards.^[4][5][6] No new standards, such as routine checking of blood metal ion levels, were set, but guidance was updated.^[7]

Patient selection

Patient suitability for hip resurfacing is decided by the patient's anatomy and the patient's surgeon. Hip resurfacing is intended for younger patients who are not morbidly obese, are clinically qualified for a hip replacement (determined by the doctor), have been diagnosed with noninflammatory degenerative joint disease, do not have an infection, and are not allergic to the metals used in the implant.^[8] Hip resurfacing should not be used on patients who have severe bone loss in their femoral head, those with large femoral neck cysts present (typically found at surgery) or cysts that are close to the head neck junction, or patients who have poor bone stock or osteoporosis.^[2] Caution should be used for patients who have rheumatoid arthritis, are tall, thin, or small boned,^[9] those with osteonecrosis (poor blood supply) to the femoral head, or those with femoral head cysts > 1 cm on an x-ray taken before surgery.^[2] Metal-on-metal resurfacing systems are generally unsuitable for women of child-bearing age due to unknown effects of metal ion release on the fetus.^[6] Patients with any of these conditions may not be suitable candidates for hip resurfacing.

Devices

In 2006, the United States FDA approved hip resurfacing using the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) system,^[10] designed by British Orthopaedic surgeon Derek McMinn. All other FDA approved devices have been removed from the US Market. The BHR is no longer suggested for use in women and small men. Per Smith & Nephew's suggestion. There are several other manufacturers of hip resurfacing systems, mainly in Europe. Another THR and hip resurfacing system, the DePuy ASR, which had been undergoing clinical trials for hip resurfacing in the United States and marketed overseas, has been recalled as a result of having been proven to have abnormally high revision rates.^[11] A prospective patient, therefore, needs to be cautious to confirm the type of device being used has an acceptable track record. Subtle differences among the devices in terms of design, manufacturing and surgical technique can prove to be detrimental to clinical success.

Procedure

The hip resurfacing devices are metal-on-metal articulating devices which differ from total hip replacement devices because they are more bone conserving and retain the natural geometry (so-called large ball THR devices share this trait). A THR requires that the upper portion of the femur bone be cut off to accept the stem portion of a THR device. The femur cap of the hip resurfacing devices does not require the femur bone be cut off; instead the top of the femoral head is shaped to closely fit the underside of the cap. Both hip resurfacing and hip replacement require that a cup is placed in the acetabulum of the hip socket. The main advantage of the hip resurfacing surgery is that when a revision is required, there is still an intact femur bone left for a THR stem. When a THR stem requires a revision, the metal stem in the femur has to be removed and often more bone is lost in the process of removal and replacement with a larger diameter stem. Having a hip resurfacing at a younger age means that a revision will likely be easier to perform when required.^[12]

Recent studies have shown that the outcome of a hip resurfacing is dependent on surgeon experience^[13] and that proper positioning of hip resurfacing components is crucial.^[14][15] Therefore, in addition to ensuring that a proven device is used, patients should take care in selecting a surgeon with experience and a good track record.

Although formal labeling restrictions exist in some countries, including the United States, hip resurfacing may allow younger, active people to return to many activities they enjoyed prior to their hip problems,^[16][17] which is an advantage over a traditional hip arthroplasty.^[18] The large size cap and cup of the hip resurfacing devices are the same size as a person's original ball and socket and thus are less prone to dislocation.

An often forgotten but very important advantage of hip resurfacing and thereby the retention of the femoral neck is the fact that hip resurfacing has the least measurable amount of "stress shielding" when compared to any type of THR. This means that with hip resurfacing the femur's upper portion fully retains its natural mechanical characteristics under load, also ensuring less disturbance of the processes that place inside bone that is alive.

Notable athletes

There are many athletes with resurfaced hips that continue to compete at the personal and the professional level in a myriad of activities. They include:

• Kay Glenn,won the high jump at the national senior Olympics.http://issuu.com/orlandolife/docs/gb_nov-dec13/27?e=6499479/5415221
• Ron Noreman, who on July 24, 2010 won the Masters Division of the NPC Empire States Bodybuilding Championships only 5 months after hip resurfacing surgery.^[19]
• Cory Foulk, who finished a marathon three months after his surgery, and finished 11th in the Ultraman world championship eleven months later^[20]
• Ian MacLaren, of the Torashin Karate Club, who is believed to be the first 5th dan Karate-ka in the world to have had both hips resurfaced Slater Williams 7th Dan Shotokan Karate had both hips resurfaced 1999-2000
• Floyd Landis, the 2006 Tour de France winner (until disqualified).^[21] His procedure was performed after the Tour win.
• Joe Tierney completed the 2011, 2012, and 2013 Syllamo's Revenge 50-mile endurance race 18, 30, and 42 months, respectively, after resurfacing surgery on his left hip. This singletrack course through the Ozark Mountains has been designated as "epic" by the International Mountain Bike Association.
• Ed (JovoCop) Jovanovski NHL Player - Defense Florida Panthers. Only 9 months after having the procedure, Ed returned to the NHL. He was the first athlete to return to a major professional team sport after having the procedure done.^[22]
• Chase Poulsen - Olympic Tae Kwon DO champion. Returned to training athletes only 6 months after the procedure.
• Colby Lewis, MLB pitcher. Seven months after having the procedure, Colby returned to baseball. He became the first player to return to MLB after hip resurfacing.^[23]
• Gene Nelson of the Florida Aikikai(Aikido) 5th Dan. Bilateral resurfaced hips. 2005 and 2009.

Recall

In August 2010, DePuy Orthopaedics, Inc., issued a voluntary recall of the ASR™ XL Acetabular System and ASR™ Hip Resurfacing System after new information from the UK National Joint Registry indicated that the number of patients who required a second hip replacement procedure, called a revision surgery, was higher than previously reported data. Potential complications include pseudotumors, metallosis, ALVAL (Aseptic Lymphocytic Vasculitis Associated Lesions), and femoral neck fracture.^[24]

See also

• Minimally invasive hip resurfacing
• Total Hip Replacement

References

1. Koutras C, Antoniou SA, Talias MA, Heep H (19 May 2015). "Impact of Total Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty on Health-Related Quality of Life Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.". J Arthroplasty. 30: 1938–52. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2015.05.014. PMID 26067708.
2. Mont MA, Ragland PS, Etienne G, Seyler TM, Schmalzried TP (August 2006). "Hip resurfacing arthroplasty". J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 14 (8): 454–63. PMID 16885477.
3. "Metal-on-Metal Hip Implants". Food and Drug Administration. February 10, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
4. "FDA seeks more advice on metal hip implants". Reuters. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
5. "Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Devices Panel of the Medical Devices Advisory Committee Meeting Announcement". Food and Drug Administration. 27 March 2012. FDA-2012-N-0293. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
6. FDA Executive Summary Memorandum - Metal-on-Metal Hip Implant System (PDF) (Report). Food and Drug Administration. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
7. "Concerns about Metal-on-Metal Hip Implants". Food and Drug Administration. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
8. Mont MA, Seyler TM, Ulrich SD, et al. (December 2007). "Effect of changing indications and techniques on total hip resurfacing". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 465: 63–70. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e318159dd60. PMID 17891034.
9. De Haan R, Pattyn C, Gill HS, Murray DW, Campbell PA, De Smet K (October 2008). "Correlation between inclination of the acetabular component and metal ion levels in metal-on-metal hip resurfacing replacement". J Bone Joint Surg Br. 90 (10): 1291–7. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B10.20533. PMID 18827237.
10. Tavares S (November 2005). "Controversial topics in orthopaedics: the best bearing couple for hip arthroplasty". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 87 (6): 411–418. doi:10.1308/003588405X71090. PMC 1964129. PMID 16263007.
11. DePuy recalls ASR Hip System due to revision rates
12. Resurfaced hips converted to THA show similar clinical results to primary total hips
13. Outcome of Hip Resurfacing May be dependent on experience
14. Metal-on-Metal Hip Resurfacing: The Effect of Component Position
15. De Haan R, Campbell PA, Su EP, De Smet KA (September 2008). "Revision of metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip: the influence of malpositioning of the components". J Bone Joint Surg Br. 90 (9): 1158–63. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B9.19891. PMID 18757954.
16. Results of Hip Resurfacing in patients under 55 years with osteoarthritis
17. Naal FD, Maffiuletti NA, Munzinger U, Hersche O (May 2007). "Sports after hip resurfacing arthroplasty". Am J Sports Med. 35 (5): 705–11. doi:10.1177/0363546506296606. PMID 17218652.
18. Barrack RL (September 2007). "Metal-metal hip resurfacing offers advantages over traditional arthroplasty in selected patients". Orthopedics. 30 (9): 725–6. PMID 17899914.
19. Ron Noreman wins Masters after Hip Resurfacing
20. Ultraman 2006 Finish Results
21. "3 Month Hip Update". floydlandis.com. 11 January 2007.
22. http://panthers.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=698831
23. Davison, Drew. "Colby Lewis set for Round Two". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
24. Delaunay C, Petit I, Learmonth ID, Oger P, Vendittoli PA (December 2010). "Metal-on-metal bearings total hip arthroplasty: the cobalt and chromium ions release concern". Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 96 (8): 894–904. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2010.05.008. PMID 20832379.

• Liu F, Gross TP (August 2013). "A safe zone for acetabular component position in metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty: winner of the 2012 HAP PAUL award". J Arthroplasty. 28 (7): 1224–30. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.02.033. PMID 23540536.
• Gross TP, Liu F (January 2014). "Current status of modern fully porous coated metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty". J Arthroplasty. 29 (1): 181–5. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.04.010. PMID 23680504.