Illui

Illui (Hebrew: עילוי‎‎ or עלוי also ilui; pronounced [ʔiˈluj] plural: illuim) is a noun (meaning "above," "elevation," "going up," or "best" from the root על meaning "on top" or "above" ^[1]) derived from the Hebrew and Yiddish, meaning a young Torah and Talmudic prodigy or genius.

The Hebrew term and title is applied to exceptional Talmudic scholars among Orthodox Jews. It is used among English speaking and Yiddish speaking Orthodox Jews to identify, as a type of mark of honor, those who have been blessed with greater mental and intellectual capabilities than the average intelligent Torah scholar.

Recognition of genius

It is considered a mark of honor and excellence for a Talmudic scholar to be recognized as an illui and to be described and called as such by his peers. It indicates that he is regarded as having extraordinary intelligence and mental capacity, necessary for the most serious, advanced and complex Talmudic learning and Torah study.

Usage

In common terminology, an illui would be someone who has an extraordinarily high "IQ" as recognized from early childhood as a child prodigy by rabbis and Torah scholars who have a keen eye to recognize the qualities of excellence in budding young Torah scholars.

Haredi and Hasidic Jews are very familiar with this term, and if a scholar that they are familiar with has been known to have been called an illui they will regard it as a great honor for that individual as well as for his family, teachers and those with whom he associates. In Orthodox, Haredi and Hasidic circles, the term illui is applied to males only, as women are not obligated in Torah study to the same degree that men are required to devote much of their early life to serious and intense Torah studies, also referred to as Torah learning.

Most rosh yeshivas (heads of yeshivas) have been called illuim as have many Hasidic Rebbes.

Views of origins

There are some Judaic mystical traditions that explain how and why illuim are different. One explanation attributes it to an "Angel's Slap":

An intriguing legend from the Talmud and Midrash describes how a child, while still in its mothers womb, is taught the entire Torah to the glow of a supernatural lamp that allows it to see to the ends of the earth. It is only at the moment of birth that an angel appears and imposes upon it an oath to live a righteous life, and then slaps the youngster on the mouth or the nose, causing it to forget all that it has learned.

The angel's smack in the Talmudic legend produces total amnesia for all, but in the Greek theory of "anamnesis" the souls quaff varying quantities of the oblivion-inducing potion. The clever souls drink no more than they have to, which makes for an easier job of learning and recalling during their coming lives. Only the foolish and short-sighted souls make the mistake of rashly and greedily gulping down excessive doses, dooming them to lives of ignorance and dull-wittedness.

Furthermore, the Jewish world had its share of child prodigies and geniuses who mastered the Talmud at a tender age (such a person is known in Hebrew as an "Illui"). This phenomenon could be ascribed to the soul's evading the angel's slap, whether by accident or design.^[2]

The usage of the term is also used with caution in terms of its practical implications for the one who holds it. For example, Jonathan Rosenblum, a notable Haredi commentator has cautioned that:

Talmudic prodigies exist. But there is a certain type of wisdom that only comes with age and life experience, no matter how brilliant a person may be. That is why the leaders of the Torah world are inevitably drawn from the ranks of the ziknei hador ("elders of the generation"). If the first adjective still used to describe a person is ilui, he is probably not yet ready for leadership.^[3]

Technical usage in the yeshiva world

Rabbi Elijah Ben Solomon, the Vilna Gaon, leader of the Lithuanian Misnagdim.

The Jewish Encyclopedia explains that in the history of the yeshivas (also known as Talmudical or rabbinical schools or academies), the term "illui" had a definite function:

Organization:

The students in the yeshibah were grouped according to the cities whence they came. Thus one would be known as "Itzel der Kovner" (Isaac of Kovno) and another as "Getzil der Warsawer." Some received the title "'illui" (= "the excellent") or "matmid" (= "diligent student"), such a one being known, for example, as "Der Kovner 'Illui" or "Der Lomzer Matmid," assuming that only one from a town was so designated. The title was given by the general consent of the students. They studied singly or in pair.^[4]

Recognition in all denominations

The term illui has widespread usage in all Jewish denominations. Rabbi Eric Yoffie, President of the Union for Reform Judaism in the United States states that: "... It was the illui – the truly superior student – who would devote his life to study, while others would return to full-time employment. Indeed, even when the great yeshivot of Eastern Europe were at their height, the number of students was relatively modest and smaller than the number of full-time Torah students in Israel today..." (writing for Union for Reform Judaism, 2008.)^[5]

Rabbi Louis Jacobs (1920 - 2006), of the Conservative Judaism-Masorti Movement, has been described as being: "...Identified by his teachers as an ilui, a talmudic genius — renowned even then for his prodigious memory and sharp intellect — he went on to study at the Gateshead Kollel, which at that time was considered the Oxford of rabbinical academies..."^[6]

Examples of illuim

• Rabbi Jonathan Eybeschutz (1690 - 1764):"...An "illui," a child prodigy in his youth, Rabbi Yonasan became one of the great commentators on the Talmud and on the "Shulchan Aruch," the Codes of Jewish Law..." (Orthodox Union biography) ^[7]
• The Vilna Gaon (Rabbi Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman) (1720 - 1797): "...Recognized early in life as an illui (child prodigy), at the early age of six, he gave a complicated sermon (drasha) in the Synagogue of Vilna amazing the listeners by answering questions with great depth. This, in a city known worldwide for its scholarship..."^[8]
• Abraham Mapu (Hebrew writer) (1808 - 1867): "...His early education in Bible and Talmud was received at the heder, on leaving which, at the age of twelve, he continued the study of the Talmud in private, and was so successful that he soon acquired the name of "'Illui" (Friedberg, "Zikronot," in "Hausfreund," i. 22)..." (Jewish Encyclopedia)^[9]
• Meir Shapiro (1887-1933),Polish rabbi born in Bucovina, known in his youth as Shotzer Iluy (the ILuy from Suceava)
• Regarding Rabbi Menachem Ziemba (1883 - 1943) and his son: "...In 5684 Reb Menachem lost his son, Moshe Yehudah Aryeh, at the age of 19. The young boy was already known as an illui (genius) in the same mold as his father..."^[10]
• Rabbi Isser Yehuda Unterman (Chief Rabbi of Israel), (1886 - 1976): "...From a young age Unterman was known as the "Illui (luminary) of Brisk". In 1898, he was invited to become one of the founding students of Etz Chaim Yeshiva branch in Maltsch (Maltash), Belorussia. For some time, he also studied at the Mir Yeshiva, but later returned to Maltsch..."^[11]
• Rabbi Dovid Lifshitz (1906 - 1993): "...Born in Minsk, Russia, in 1906, Rabbi Lifshitz was recognized at a very young age as an "illui," a child prodigy in Jewish studies. At the age of 12, he coedited a volume of commentary on the Bible..." (Obituary in the New York Times, 1993)^[12]
• Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach, the musician, (1925 - 1994): "...Shlomo was a child prodigy scholar called an illui in Hebrew. He had the Torah (Bible) half memorized by the time he was a scant five years old and had an insatiable love of learning Judaism. He was carefully guarded and received treatment reserved for royalty..."^[13]

See also

• Da'as Torah
• Gaon
• Gadol
• History of responsa
• Posek
• Shass Pollak
• Torah study

References

1. Marcus Jastrow, Rabbi (1903). Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature. The Judaica Press, 1971, 1975. p. 1070.
2. "From the Sources by Eliezer Segal: The Angel's Slap, (citing E. E. Urbach, The Sages: Their Concepts and Beliefs, Cambridge (Mass.) and London 1987.)". ucalgary.ca/~elsegal.
3. Jonathan Rosenblum (April 15, 2005). "Rosenblum's Columns: Cleaning for their own good". Hamodiah newspaper. jewishmediaresources.com.
4. Joseph Jacobs & Judah David Eisenstein. "YESHIBAH". Jewish Encyclopedia. jewishencyclopedia.com.
5. Rabbi Eric H. Yoffie. "Reform Reflections: The Honor of Torah Study". urj.org.
6. Elliot Cosgrove (July 7, 2006). "'Greatest British Jew,' 85, Synthesized Faith and Modernity". forward.com.
7. "Great Leaders of our People: Rabbi Yonasan Eibeschutz". ou.org.
8. Yossi Aron (May 1, 1998). "Jewish World Review: The Gaon's Zionism". jewishworldreview.com.
9. Herman Rosenthal & A. S. Waldstein. "MAPU, ABRAHAM". Jewish Encyclopedia. jewishencyclopedia.com.
10. Moshe Ziemba. "Martyred Rav of the Warsaw Ghetto". tzemachdovid.org. (This article originally appeared in the Jewish Observer and is also available in book form in the ArtScroll/Mesorah Publications Judaiscope Series.)
11. "Isser Yehuda Unterman (1886 - 1976): Former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of the State of Israel". jafi.org.il.
12. Goldman, Ari L. (June 29, 1993). "Rabbi Dovid Lifshitz, 86, Scholar Of Talmud at Yeshiva University". nytimes.com. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
13. "Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach of Blessed Memory". relijournal.com. October 20, 2007.