Hottentotta tamulus

Hottentotta tamulus
Hottentotta tamulus from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Scorpiones
Family: Buthidae
Genus: Hottentotta
Species: H. tamulus
Binomial name
Hottentotta tamulus
(Fabricius, 1798)

NMPC[notes 1] (male, neotype)[1]

Synonyms[1]
  • H. tamulus concanensis (Pocock, 1900)
  • H. tamulus sindicus (Pocock, 1900)
  • H. tamulus gujaratensis (Pocock, 1900)
  • H. tamulus gangeticus (Pocock, 1900)
  • Scorpio tamulus Fabricius, 1787
  • Buthus nigro lineatus Dufour, 1856
  • Buthus grammurus Thorell, 1889
  • Buthus tamulus concanensis Pocock, 1900
  • Buthus tamulus sindicus Pocock, 1900
  • Buthus tamulus gujaratensis Pocock, 1900
  • Buthus tamulus gangeticus Pocock, 1900

Hottentotta tamulus, the Indian red scorpion (Tamil: செந்தேள்) (also known as eastern Indian scorpion), is a species of scorpion, belonging to the family Buthidae. It occurs in most of India,[2] eastern Pakistan[1] and the eastern lowlands of Nepal.,[3] and recently from Sri Lanka.

Taxonomy

This species was named Scorpio tamulus by J.C. Fabricius in 1798.[4] The species name was apparently derived from the occurrence in the country of the Tamil people of south-eastern India. It was later often referred to the genera Buthus or Mesobuthus, although it was already correctly placed in Hottentotta by A. A. Birula in 1914,[5] a referral that was confirmed again by F. Kovařík in 2007.[1] Nevertheless, the binomen Mesobuthus tamulus is traditionally widespread in the popular and scientific literature. R.I. Pocock (1900)[6] distinguished five subspecies according to coloration and distribution, but these are color-morphs (individuals with varying color) rather than subspecies.[1]

Description

H. tamulus specimen range in size from 50–90 mm. The coloration ranges from dark orange or brightly red-brown through dull brown with darker grey carinae (ridges) and granulation. Grey spots might be distributed irregularly across the cephalothorax and the mesosoma. The walking legs and the tip of the pedipalp pincers are brighter colored (orange-yellow to light reddish-brown). The mesosomal tergites always bear three distinct carinae. Their habitus is typical of buthid scorpions, with rather small pedipalp pincers, moderately thickened metasomal segments and a rather bulbous telson with large stinger. The base of the pedipalp pincers (manus) is slightly more inflated in males than in females.[1]

Toxicity

This species is of great medical significance in densely populated areas of India and Nepal and occasionally causes human fatalities.[3][7][8] It is rated amongst the most lethal scorpion species in the world.[9] Fatality rates of 8-40% have been reported in clinical studies, most victims are children.[7][10]

Symptoms of envenomation by this species include:[3][7][8][11]

The venom mainly affects the cardiovascular and pulmonary system, eventually leading to a pulmonary oedema, which may cause death.[7][8] Scorpion antivenom has little effect in clinical treatment but application of prazosin reduces the mortality rate to less than 4%.[8][12] As in other scorpions, the venom of H. tamulus consists of a complex mixture of proteins. Some major components have been isolated, including the toxin tamapin. Scorpion envenomation with high morbidity and mortality is usually due to either excessive autonomic activity and cardiovascular toxic effects or neuromuscular toxic effects. Antivenin is the specific treatment for scorpion envenomation combined with supportive measures including vasodilators in patients with cardiovascular toxic effects and benzodiazepines when there is neuromuscular involvement. Although rare, severe hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis to scorpion antivenin (SAV) are possible.[13]

Habitat and ecology

Despite its medical importance, little is known about the ecology and habitat preferences of this species.[8] It is widespread across vegetated lowlands with subtropical to tropical, humid climate and often lives close to or in human settlements, especially in rural areas. A study[14] from Saswad-Jejuri, Pune (western India) has found H. tamulus in a wide range of microhabitats, including scrubland and veld with stones, red and black soil in cropland, loamy, grassy and stony hillslopes and -tops, black soil in mango orchards, Eucalyptus plantations, and under tree bark. With an abundance of 48.43% it was by far the most abundant of the six scorpion species recorded in this study. It occurs rather seldom under tree bark, a habitat dominated by its sister species Hottentotta pachyurus (8.9% versus 91.1% abundance). As all other scorpions, H. tamulus is nocturnal, preying upon small invertebrates and even small vertebrates like lizards.[15] Encounters with humans mainly occur during the night or early morning, when the scorpions accidentally crawl into beds or fall from ceilings.[8]

In Sri Lanka

Originally, H. tamulus was not found in Sri Lanka. But from 2010 to 2013, experiments and other medical reports suggest that the species is also present in Sri Lanka. Few deaths were recorded from Jaffna peninsula in recent times. After observing medical reports and patients, a research team found three dead scorpion specimens and five live specimens as well. After series of observations from research team and other international scientists, it was revealed that the scorpion specimens belong to the species H. tamulus.

It is believed that H. tamulus spread inadvertently with Indian Peace Troops that came to Sri Lanka in 1987 with their luggage. Now H. tamulus is widely distributed in the Jaffna Peninsular including Achchuweli, Palali, Karainagar, Elephant Pass and Jaffna.

Deaths from H. tamulus were recorded in 2006, 2007 and 2009 as one patient per year. No cases were recorded in 2010. In 2011, 12 children in Jaffna died due to H. tamulus stings. In 2012, 80 patients were recorded. Out of them, 52% were women, 48% were men. 30% from them were children between the age 3 and 12.

In 2013, many H. tamulus stings were recorded, as many as four each week, again mostly in women and children. Usually, the drug Prazosin is recommended for H. tamulus stings. The drug can reduce the increasing blood pressure.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ No specimen number specified.
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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kovařík, F. (2007). "A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species" (PDF). Euscorpius. 58: 1–105. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  2. ↑ Bastawade, D.B., S.S. Jadhav & R.M. Sharma (2012). "Scorpionida" (PDF). Zoological Survey in India. 4 (6): 1–16. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 Bhadani, U.K., M. Tripathi, S. Sharma & R. Pandey (2006). "Scorpion sting envenomation presenting with pulmonary edema in adults: a report of seven cases from Nepal" (PDF). Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 60 (1): 19–23. doi:10.4103/0019-5359.19672.
  4. ↑ Fabricius, F. C. (1798). Entomologiae Systematicae, Supplementum (in Latin). 5. Hafniae: Proft & Storck. p. 572. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  5. ↑ Birula, A. A. (1914). "Ergebnisse einer von Prof. Franz Werner im Sommer 1910 mit Unterstützung aus dem Legate Wedl ausgeführten zoologischen Forschungsreise nach Algerien. VI. Skorpione und Solifugen". Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlich-königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien (in German). 123 (1): 633–668.
  6. ↑ Pocock, R.I. (1900). Arachnida. The Fauna of India, including Ceylon and Burma. London: W.T. Blandford. pp. xii+279.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Bawaskar, H.S.; P.H. Bawaskar (1998). "Indian red scorpion envenoming". Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 65 (3): 383–391. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00005-7. PMID 10771989.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bawaskar, H.S.; P.H. Bawaskar (2008). "Scorpion sting: A study of clinical manifestations and treatment regimes" (PDF). Current Science. 95 (9): 1337–1341. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  9. ↑ Ismail, M.; Bawaskar, P. H. (1995). "The scorpion envenoming syndrome". Toxicon. 33 (7): 825–858. doi:10.1007/BF02761131. PMID 8588209.
  10. ↑ Bawaskar, H.S. (1977). "Scorpion sting and cardiovascular complications". Indian Heart Journal. 29: 228.
  11. ↑ Kanoo, S., M. B. Mandal, A. B. Alex & S. B. Deshpande (2009). "Cardiac dysrhythmia produced by Mesobuthus tamulus venom involves NO-dependent G-Cyclase signaling pathway". Naunyn-Schmiedberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 379 (5): 525–532. doi:10.1007/s00210-008-0375-7.
  12. ↑ Bawaskar, H.S.; P.H. Bawaskar (2007). "Utility of scorpion anti-venin vs. prazosin in the management of severe Mesobuthus tamulus (Indian red scorpion) envenoming at rural settings" (PDF). JAPI. 55: 14–21. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  13. ↑ Bhoite RR, Bhoite GR, Bagdure DN, Bawaskar HS (2015). "Anaphylaxis to scorpion antivenin and its management following envenomation by Indian red scorpion, Mesobuthus tamulus". Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 19 (9): 547–549. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.164807.
  14. ↑ Pande, S., D. Bastawade, A. Padhye & A. Pawashe (2012). "Diversity of scorpion fauna of Saswad-Jejuri, Pune district, Maharashtra, western India" (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa. 4 (2): 2381–2389.
  15. ↑ Ythier, E. (2007). "Pictures of the previous months". The Scorpion Fauna. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
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